,W,CrNRLF 


EPOR 


MISSOURI  COUNCB 
OF  DEFENSE 


1917-1918-191 


GIFT  or 


Final    Report 
of  the 

Missouri  Council 

of 

Defense 


-The 

supreme 

authority  of  the  Common- 

wealth  in  relation 

to  the  State's  duty  to  the 

Nation 

during 

the    entire    period   of   the 

Warr 

— 

Gov,  Frederick  D.   Gardner. 

^^^^^- 


J 


\ 


"THE  COMMON  CAUSE" 

YOUR  State,  in  extending  its  National  Defense  organization  by  the 
creation  of  community  councils,  is  in  my  opinion  making  an  ad- 
vance of  vital  significance.  It  will,  I  believe,  result,  when  thoroughly 
carried  out,  in  welding  the  Nation  together  as  no  Nation  of  great  size 
has  ever  been  welded  before.  It  will  build  up  from  the  bottom  in  under- 
standing and  sympathy  and  unity  of  purpose  and  effort,  which  will  no 
doubt  have  an  immediate  and  decisive  effect  upon  our  great  undertaking. 
You  will  find,  I  think,  not  so  much  a  new  task  as  a  unification  of  existing 
efforts,  a  fusion  of  energies  now  too  much  scattered  and  at  times  some- 
what confused  into  one  harmonious  and  effective  power. 

It  is  only  by  extending  your  organization  to  small  communities 
that  every  citizen  of  the  State  can  be  reached  and  touched  with  the 
inspiration  of  the  common  cause.  The  school  has  been  suggested  as  an 
apt,  though  not  essential,  center  for  your  local  council.  It  symbolizes 
one  of  the  first  fruits  of  such  an  organization,  namely,  the  spreading  of 
the  realization  of  the  great  truth  that  it  is  each  one  of  us  as  an  individual 
citizen  upon  whom  rests  the  ultimate  responsibility.  Through  this 
great  new  organization  we  will  express  with  added  emphasis  our  will  to 
win  and  our  confidence  in  the  utter  righteousness  of  our  purpose. 

— WOODROW  WILSON. 


AT  the  beginning  of  the  organization  of  these  Councils,  I  made  it 
understood  that  every  State  department  was  to  co-ordinate  with 
the  State  Council  in  the  war  work,  and  the  result  is  a  defense  organ- 
ization which  is  not  excelled  in  any  State  of  this  country.  This  is  not 
because  we  have  built  up  in  the  counties,  in  the  townships  and  in  the 
school  districts  an  organization  which  merely  runs  beautifully,  but, 
through  the  organization  we  have  been  able  to  concentrate  the  patriotism 
of  the  three  and  a  half  million  people  of  Missouri  in  patriotic  effort. 
Without  the  defense  organization,  while  the  patriotic  spirit  would 
have  been  there,  still  it  would  have  been  quiescent  or  dissipated,  and 
without  channels  to  express  its  real  effectiveness. 

—GOV.  FREDERICK  D.  GARDNER. 


599633 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/finalreportofmisOOmissrich 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  COUNCIL 


Honorary  President,  FREDERICK  D.  GARDNER 
Governor  of  Missouri 


W.  F.  Saunders,  Secretary. 
F.  M.  Robinson,  Secretary. 


F.  B.  MuMFORD,  Chairman,  Columbia, 
Dean,  College  of  Agriculture. 


C.  W.  Armour,  Kansas  City 
*J.  T.  Bird,  Kansas  City 
Rev.  W.  C.  Bitting,  St.  Louis 
George  Warren  Brown,  St.  Louis 

B.  F.  Bush,  St.  Louis 
Mrs.  B.  F.  Bush,  St.  Louis 
Paul  W.  Brown,  St.  Louis 
Thornton  Cooke,  Kansas  City 
James  Cowgill,  Kansas  City 

C.  H.  Danes,  St.  Louis 
Walter  S.  Dickey,  Kansas  City 
I.  B.  Dunlap,  Kansas  City 

G.  H.  Edwards,  Kansas  City 
C.  F.  Enright,  Jefferson  City 
Fred  W.  Fleming,  Kansas  City 
John  H.  Galeener,  Sikeston 
L.  C.  Hamilton,  St.  Joseph 
John  T.  Heard,  Sedalia 
Archbishop  J.  J.  Glennon,  St.  Louis 
W.  T.  Kemper,  Kansas  City 
Henry  W.  Kiel,  St.  Louis 
William  H.  Lee,  St.  Louis 
R.  A.  Long,  Kansas  City 
Frank  W.  McAllister,  Jefferson  City 
James  H.  McCord,  Jefferson  City 


Hugh  Mclndoe,  Joplin 
E.  E.  E.  Mcjimsey,  Springfield 
Elliott  Marshall,  St.  Joseph 
John  F.  Morton,  Richmond 
*Joshua  Motter,  St.  Joseph 
E.  D.  Nims,  St.  Louis 
R.  B.  Oliver,  Cape  Girardeau 
J.  F.  Osborne,  Joplin 
C.  O.  Raine,  Canton 
Walter  Robertson,  Marshall 
Sidney  J.  Roy,  Hannibal 
S.  R.  Schmutz,  Mayt^iew 
John  Scullin,  St.  Louis 
Lee  Shelton,  Kennett 
E.  W.  Solomon,  Bernie 
David  Sommers,  St.  Louis 
Cecil  W.  Thomas,  Jefferson  City 
Cyrus  P.  Walbridge,  St.  Louis 
W.  W.  Wheeler,  St.  Joseph 
Edwards  Whitaker,  St.  Louis 
J.  C.  Whitsell,  St.  Joseph 
M.  L.  Wilkinson,  St.  Louis 
Robert  S.  Withers,  Liberty 
R.  T.  Wood,  Springfield 
Huston  Wyeth,  St.  Joseph 


Robert  A.  Glenn, 
Acting  Secretary,  Jefferson  City 


*Deceased. 


MISSOURI  LEADS 

IN  FliOD  INCREASE 


Results  of  1917 


MISSOURI  RISES 
IN  RANK 

Itll  VilMali  en*L  till .169.000 
l(II«il«illtn«t    M(.OM.tOO 

l*l(     hak       )*» 

Iti;     Hut.     M 

u>.CMer  ■crotrr 


What  for  1918 


THE  FARMER'S 
PATRIOTISM 

4Th«  Missouri  farmerti  are . 
to  be  conKralulainl  on  Ihli 
gnti  achievemcnl  of  I9I7I 
qwhal  for  1018? 
tJThe  need  is  rreaterl  The 
larmeri  o(  Misiouri  mutt 
rallv  afain.  More  acreafc 
and  erealer  yields  ii  the 
call  o(  (he  country. 


ARE  WE  BACK  OF  THE  BOYS  AT  THE  FRONT? 


YES!!! 

HOW  MISSOURI  RESPONDED  TO  THE  CALL  FOR  FOOD 


'■'»'J 


ililill. 


BUCKWHEAT 


X12J. 


SORaHUM-MOUSSES 


1 


SWEET  POTATOES 


tB  1917! 


WAR  QAROENS 


1 


CORN 


1916 


1917 


WHEAT 

-*. 

1917  "9'® 

••i-^-^^  '  WHEAT 

[WHEAT  I  ■  tSTIMATt 

j27.s4aeooj  J4g.12s.OOO 


POTATOES 


1916 


1917 


i  ^"'"'"^bn — ^  ^"^^'^ferr-v'i^^i^i^-^-^' '  ^ "^"^"^'^ 


6.775.000  ACRES  i;|  7.200.000  ACRES  [^  1.800.000  ACRES  [^  2.  S7S.  OOP  AC  RES  [^     91. OOP  ACRES  ^|     I09.000ACRES  \ 
WAR  INCREASE  OF  91  Par  Cwil  WAR  INCREASE  OF  41  Per  Cent  WAR  INCREASE  OF  74  Par  CmiI 


The  Missouri  Council  o«  Oefenae.  includinK  ihe  1100  Counn  and  Township  Councils  of  IVfense,  co-operatinK  with  the  College  of 
Africullurc.  the  State  8oard  of  Ai^riculture.  the  Missouri  Bankers'  Association.  Chambers  of  Commerce,  Farm  Bureaus.  Oranges. 
Farmers'  Vions.  Farmer's  Clubs.  County  Schfwl  Superintendents.  City.  Rural  and, Agricultural  Newspapers  and  many  other 
patrlotk  accncles,  ALL  WORKINQ  TOOETHER.  helped  in  pruduclng  this  ureal  crofn 


MISSOURI  COUNCIL  of  DEFENSE 


JKKKKI«>*«»:V       OITV 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL    .OF      CEFENSI;; 


Report  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 


To  His  Excellency,  Honorable  Frederick  D.  Gardner, 
Governor  of  Missouri. 

SIR: 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  report  of  the  activities  of  the  Missouri 
Council  of  Defense  for  the  period  beginning  from  its  creation,  April  24,  1917,  to  its 
final  ofKcial  dissolution  on  January  31,  1919.  This  report  .is  not  intended  to  be  a 
complete  and  extensive  statement  of  all  the  services  rendered  by  the  Council 
throughout  its  existence  but  is  necessarily  limited  to  a  brief  statement  of  the  more 
important  activities  for  which  the  Council  was  responsible. 

The  greatest  single  achievement  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  has  been 
in  the  direction  of  maintaining  the  morale  and  strengthening  the  will  of  the  people 
of  our  commonwealth  in  their  devotion  to  the  nation  and  their  determination  to  win 
the  war.  This  accomplishment  was  the  indirect  result  of  the  many  projects  promoted 
through  the  organization. 

As  we  look  back  now  upon  the  record  of  the  nearly  two  years  of  the  existence  of 
this  organization  it  becomes  more  and  more  apparent  that  the  two  great  outstanding 
and  immeasurable  results  of  the  work  initiated  by  this  organization  were  first,  the 
development  of  a  state-wide  organization  through  which  the  Council  could  function; 
and  second,  the  increased  production  campaign  which  resulted  in  a  greater  percentage 
and  per  capita  production  in  Missouri  than  probably  any  other  single  State  in  the 
Union. 

The  plan  of  organization  included  first  the  appointment  of  a  County  Council  of 
Defense  and  later  the  appointment  of  township  councils  of  defense,  all  of  these 
organizations  co-operating  with  and  working  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Council. 
When  the  Council  finally  dissolved  there  were  more  than  12,000  patriotic  citizens, 
men  and  women  of  Missouri,  reaching  to  every  county,  every  township  and  every 
hamlet,  all  eager  and  anxious  to  render  some  service  that  should  be  a  distinct  con- 
tribution toward  winning  the  war.  Missouri  was  one  of  the  first  states  in  the  United 
States  to  organize  a  State  Council  and  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  one  of 
the  first  to  inaugurate  the  plan  of  organizing  County  and  Township  Councils.  The 
wisdom  of  this  early  decision  to  perfect  a  complete  and  thorough-going  organization 
has  manifested  itself  on  every  occasion  throughout  the  period  of  the  war. 


One 


MISSOURI   CO.UNCIL   OF   DKFENS 


The  increased  production  campaign  was  of  such  a  notable  character  that  it  is 
worthy  of  special  mention  since  it  not  only  accomplished  a  tremendous  increase  in 
the  great  staple  food  products  of  Missouri  but  is  typical  of  the  uniform  policy  of  the 
Council  in  projecting  all  of  its  activities  during  the  entire  war.  In  the  increased 
production  campaign,  as  in  all  other  similar  activities,  it  was  the  policy  of  the  Council 
of  Defense  to  co-ordinate  the  existing  State  agencies  and  to  work  through  the  State 
departments,  boards,  commissions  and  institutions  rather  than  to  undertake 
independently  a  campaign  which  would  result  only  in  duplication,  waste  and  confusion. 

In  every  activity  we  have  found  all  the  State  departments,  commissions,  boards 
and  institutions  prepared  to  co-operate  to  the  fullest  extent  and  the  Council  cannot 
speak  in  too  high  terms  of  the  splendid  patriotism  of  all  the  officials  of  the  State 
during  the  great  war. 

The  indirect  results  of  the  growth  of  patriotic  fervor  due  to  the  numerous  activities 
of  the  Council  cannot  be  described  nor  adequately  measured  in  a  report  of  this  kind, 
but  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  magnificent  record  of  Missouri  and  her  uniform 
patriotic  response  to  every  call  made  upon  her  by  the  nation  was  in  no  small  measure 
directly  traceable  to  the  work  of  this  Council. 

It  is  a  matter  of  the  greatest  satisfaction  that  in  all  of  our  plans  we  have  had  the 
fullest  and  most  complete  co-operation  of  yourself.  The  Chairman  desires  to  express 
here  his  sincere  appreciation  of  the  valuable  advice  and  counsel  and  the  patience  and 
wisdom  with  which  you  have  given  consideration  to  the  affairs  of  the  Council. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  B.  MUMFORD, 

Chairman. 


Two 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 


History  of  Its  Organization 

The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  as  a  part  of  the  Council  of  Defense  system 
throughout  the  nation,  came  into  existence  with  a  swiftness  that  marked  the  events 
of  the  early  days  of  the  war. 

On  April  2nd,  1917,  the  National  Congress  assembled  in  special  session  and  was 
addressed  by  the  President,  who  asked  Congress  to  declare  war.  On  April  4th  the 
United  States  Senate  adopted  a  war  resolution  which  was  adopted  April  6th  by  the 
National  House  of  Representatives.  On  the  same  day  the  President  issued  the 
proclamation  of  war  with  Germany.  On  April  9th  the  Secretary  of  War  addressed  a 
letter  to  the  various  Governors  asking  for  the  establishment  of  State  Councils  of 
Defense. 

On  April  12th,  Governor  Gardner  issued  a  proclamation  inviting  representatives 
from  every  walk  of  life  and  business  to  meet  with  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  in 
the  New  Capitol  Building  on  Monday,  April  23rd,  1917,  at  ten  o'clock,  to  hold  a  War 
Conference  and  mobilize  the  resources  of  every  kind  of  Missouri  to  aid  the  National 
Government  in  the  conduct  of  the  defense  of  the  country. 

This  Conference  was  called  to  order  promptly  on  the  above  date  by  Mr.  Philander 
P.  Lewis,  President,  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  addressed  by  Governor  Gardner, 
who  spoke  in  part  as  follows: 

"As  Chief  Executive  of  this  State,  I  now  wish  to  repeat  that  which  I  have  formerly 
said,  that  so  far  as  the  people  of  Missouri  are  concerned,  from  North  to  South,  from 
East  to  West,  we  stand,  regardless  of  race,  creed  or  color,  united  and  inseparable — 
one  and  all  for  our  nation  and  our  flag  forever." 


"This  Nation  has  been  anxious  to  maintain  friendly  relations  with  the  German 
government.  We  have  not  been  unmindful  of  the  historic  friendship  of  the  two 
peoples.  We  have  not  been  unmindful  of  the  fact  that  millions  of  our  best  citizens — 
your  friends  and  my  friends^ — are  of  German  name  and  descent.  We  have  not  been 
unmindful  of  the  fact  that  family  ties  are  interwoven  and  sacred  as  between  these  two 
nations.  But  the  German  government  as  at  present  constituted  does  not  represent 
the  German  people;  but  in  view  of  the  fact  that  it  is  the  only  authority  with  which 
this  Nation  may  negotiate;  and  in  view  of  their  wanton  disregard  of  our  rights,  the 


Three 


M  I  S  S  C)  r  R  I       COUNCIL      OF      D  E  F  E  N  S  Iv 


murder  of  our  women  and  children,  their  refusal  to  permit  us  to  travel  the  seas  in 
peace,  there  was  nothing  left  for  this  Nation  and  our  people  to  do  but  to  defend  our 
honor  and  our  inalienable  rights,  if  it  requires  the  last  man,  to  establish  the 
principles  for  which  we  stand.  And  now  that  the  die  has  been  cast,  there  is  only 
one  course  to  pursue,  and  that  is  the  course  that  will  drive  the  ruler  and  the 
government,  which  have  so  flagrantly  misrepresented  the  German  people,  from 
their  position  of  power,  that  the  German  people  themselves  may  see  the  triumph 
of  democracy,  and  enjoy  peace  forever." 


Look,  if  you  will,  from  the  dome  of  this  great  building,  across  the  millions  of 
acres  of  the  finest  farm  lands  over  which  the  eagle  has  ever  spread  his  wings.  Look 
again,  and  you  will  see  the  man:  There  is  the  patriot;  there  he  stands,  the  farmer, 
the  golden  sheaf  of  wheat  in  one  hand  and  the  Stars  and  Stripes  in  the  other.  Beside 
him  stands  the  boy,  holding  aloft  an  ear  of  Missouri  corn;  and  wrapped  about  the 
corn,  to  signify  his  undying  patriotism,  the  Red,  White  and  Blue.  And  there  is  the 
Missouri  farm  house;  the  mother  in  the  doorway;  the  daughter  by  her  side,  both 
ready,  if  the  country  calls,  to  see  the  father  and  the  son  go  to  defend  the  nation's 
honor.  Was  ever  a  Florence  Nightingale  at  the  battle  of  Balaklava  more  tender 
than  the  farmer  girl,  if  the  nation  needed  her  services  to  care  for  the  wounded  and 
dying? 

"And  cotton  is  still  king!  There  lie  to  the  Southeast,  the  great  fields  of  Missouri. 
And  there  lie  twenty  million  acres  of  virgin  tillable  soil,  capable  of  supporting  two 
million  people. 

"And  there  are  the  Ozarks,  the  great  dairy  and  poultry  section;  sheep  and  cattle 
ranges;  and  the  fruit  garden  of  America.  Even  now,  on  this  glorious  April  day,  we 
can  scent  from  afar,  the  perfume  which  seems  to  fill  the  air;  it  comes  from  the  millions 
of  peach,  pear  and  apple  blossoms  of  that  wonderful  country. 

"There  are  the  wonderful  mines  of  Missouri — untold  wealth  locked  up  in  her 
mines  of  zinc,  lead  and  other  minerals;  and  these  metals,  moulded  into  shot  and  shell, 
could  supply  an  army  of  thousands  of  men  for  years  to  come.  And  Missouri's  coal 
mines  could  furnish  coal  to  light  the  fires  of  every  furnace  in  this  great  nation  for  325 
years  to  come. 

"At  another  glance  we  see  the  millions  of  acres  of  virgin  forests.  The  thousand 
ships,  which  the  President  wants,  will  be  built  from  timbers  from  Missouri  forests, 
and  hardly  enough  will  be  removed  to  show  from  whence  they  have  been  taken. 

"And  this  great  river  at  our  feet,  to  carry  war  supplies  to  the  ocean  for  the  nation. 


Four 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


"This,  then  is  New  Missouri.  This  is  the  mobilized  State.  This  the  State  of 
one  people,  one  sentiment,  and  one  flag;  ready  to  co-operate;  ready  to  sacrifice;  ready 
to  suffer.  How  proud  we  should  be  to  be  called  "Missouri ans!"  What  an  opportunity 
for  you  and  for  me,  and  for  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  State,  to  be  of  some 
service  to  the  nation! 

Missouri  Council  of  Defense — "In  order  that  the  State  of  Missouri  may  render 
the  greatest  service  to  the  Federal  Government  and  make  effective  all  the  activities 
of  the  State  enlisted  in  the  national  service,  I  recommend  the  creation  of  a  State 
Council  of  Defense." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  Governor's  address,  the  Chairman  appointed  the  follow- 
ing Committees: 

Committee  on  Permanent  Organization, 

T.  J.  HEDRICK,  Jackson  County,  Chairman. 

Committee  on  Resolution, 

F.  B.  MUMFORD,  Dean,  Missouri  College  of  Agriculture, 
Columbia,  Chairman. 

The  Conference  adjourned  at  twelve  o'clock  noon  to  reconvene  at  one-thirty  P.  M. 

Awaiting  the  report  of  the  Committees,  many  patriotic  addresses  were  made, 
the  theme  commonly  expressed  being  that  Missouri's  greatest  field  of  assistance  to 
the  nation  was  in  increasing  her  food  production. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Resolutions,  Dean  F.  B.  Mumford,  presented 
the  following  report,  which  was  unanimously  adopted. 

"In  the  war  upon  which  America  has  entered,  the  agriculture  of  this  country  will 
be  put  to  the  supreme  test.  Already  the  nations  of  the  world  which  are  engaged  in 
the  great  struggle  may  be  facing  a  world-wide  famine.  The  success  or  failure  in  this 
war  will  be  determined  by  the  ultimate  food  supply. 

The  World's  Food  Reserves  Are  Low — The  outlook  for  even  a  normal  wheat  crop 
this  year  is  unfavorable.  In  1915,  America  produced  ten  bushels  of  wheat  per  capita; 
in  1916  six  bushels,  consuming  6^  at  home  and  exporting  2J  bushels.  The  wheat 
estimates  for  1917  are  only  63  per  cent  of  a  normal  crop  and  the  latest  reports  are  that 
a  similar  condition  exists  throughout  the  world.  In  Missouri  the  estimated  produc- 
tion is  only  59  per  cent  of  normal.  The  number  of  cattle  and  hogs  now  on  feed  in 
this  state  is  but  55  per  cent  of  the  number  on  feed  one  year  ago. 

Gardens — We  urge  the  cultivation  of  every  available  lot  or  plot  of  ground,  and 
its  use  for  the  growing  of  vegetables  and  garden  truck.  We  approve  the  enlistment 
of  the  public  schools  and  public  school  pupils  for  this  purpose.     We  commend  the 


Five 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


organization  of  boys  and  girls  into  garden,  canning  and  poultry  clubs,  under  the  joint 
direction  of  the  Extension  Service  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  public  school 
authorities.  We  join  in  urging  the  planting  of  beans,  potatoes,  tomatoes,  chard,  sweet 
potatoes,  beets,  and  such  other  vegetables  as  will  materially  add  to  the  food  elements 
necessary  to  human  life. 

Universal  Service — We  approve  the  principle  of  universal  selective  service,  that 
the  army  and  navy  may  have  men,  the  industries  workers,  and  the  farms  the  labor 
necessary  for  maximum  production  and  to  that  end  this  conference  strongly  endorses 
the  administration  bill  providing  for  a  'selective  draft,  universal  military  service,' 
and  we  urgently  request  our  Senators  and  Representatives  in  the  National  Congress 
to  use  their  best  efforts  and  cast  their  vote  in  behalf  of  this  measure  and  the  secretary 
is  instructed  to  send  a  copy  of  this  resolution  to  each  member  of  the  Missouri  Dele- 
gation in  the  National  Congress. 

Federal  Regulations — We  urge  the  adoption  by  Congress  of  the  recommendation 
of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  which  would  grant  to  him  under  proper  restrictions 
and  at  the  proper  time  the  power  to  fix  minimum  and  maximum  prices  of  food  stuffs, 
to  regulate  all  agencies  of  distribution,  and  to  prohibit  speculations  in  food  products. 
We  especially  approve  of  Secretary  Houston's  recommendation  for  an  appropriation 
by  Congress  of  $25,000,000  for  making  a  food  survey,  increasing  food  production, 
enlargement  of  the  co-operative  demonstration  forces  and  such  other  activities  as 
may  be  deemed  necessary  for  the  national  defense. 

Prevent  Waste — We  appeal  to  all  the  people  of  Missouri  to  eliminate  every  source 
of  waste  in  the  home,  that  while  every  effort  is  being  made  to  increase  production 
so  as  to  prevent  suffering,  no  food  stuffs  shall  be  uselessly  taken  from  the  world's 
supply.  And  to  that  end  we  are  in  hearty  sympathy  and  full  accord  with  every 
movement  and  effort  of  the  Federal  authorities  to  place  an  effective  ban  on  the  use 
of  corn  and  all  other  foodstuffs  for  the  manufacture  of  intoxicating  drinks  during 
the  continuation  of  the  present  war  in  which  the  United  States  is  engaged. 

Co-operation — Every  organization  and  individual  in  Missouri  is  invited  to  lend 
assistance  to  the  agencies  already  at  work,  rather  than  to  form  new  bodies  having 
the  same  purposes  in  view.  All  present  agencies  should  be  subject  to  the  general 
supervision  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense.  The  most  effective  work  can  be 
accomplished  by  the  active  co-operation  of  local  bankers,  commercial  clubs,  and 
other  bodies  with  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  and  with  county  boys  and  girls 
clubs,  public  schools,  county  farm  bureaus,  or  other  agencies  which  it  may  suggest 
or  approve.  We  suggest  the  formation  of  local  companies  of  able  bodied  boys  under 
military  age  that,  at  the  call  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  they  may  be  ready  for 


Six 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


semi-military  assignment  to  such  work  as  may  be  necessary  to  secure  maximum 
production  of  food  products. 

The  Farmer  at  Work — The  Missouri  farmer  has  already  demonstrated  his 
patriotism  by  exerting  unusual  effort  to  help  meet  the  food  and  feed  emergency  and 
is  deserving  of  the  active  co-operation  of  all  the  financial  and  commercial  interests 
of  the  State.  It  is  the  patriotic  duty  of  all  commercial  organizations  to  assist  all 
worthy  farmers  in  the  State  who  may  need  credit  for  planting  and  cultivating  their 
crops.  And  the  bankers  serving  on  the  Resolution  Committee,  backed  by  fifty  of  the 
bankers  present  here  today,  hereby  give  the  Governor  assurance  that  the  bankers 
of  the  State  in  general,  and  of  each  county  in  particular,  are  able,  willing  and  ready 
to  co-operate  in  extending  to  all  needy  and  worthy  applicants  such  material  assistance 
and  credit  as  may  be  necessary  to  meet  local  conditions. 

The  Farmers'  Opportunity— This  is  a  time  of  great  responsibility  and  brings  with 
it  the  greatest  opportunity  that  has  ever  been  presented  to  the  farmers  of  this  country. 
The  farmer  will  be  both  wise  and  patriotic  if  he  exerts  every  energy  towards  the 
maximum  production  of  food  crops. 

Maximum  production  must  come  in  two  ways,  first  by  widely  extending  the 
acreage  planted  to  food  crops.  This  is  the  year  to  increase  largely  the  areas  planted 
to  corn,  wheat,  potatoes  and  all  vegetables.  Second,  by  growing  a  maximum  crop 
on  every  acre.  Apply  fertilizers.  Plant  tested  seed  of  known  productiveness. 
Cultivate  with  unusual  thoroughness. 

Build  More  Silos — An  acre  of  corn  preserved  in  a  silo  will  produce  twenty-five 
per  cent  more  beef,  pork  or  mutton  than  when  harvested  by  the  ordinary  method. 

Grow  Staple  Crops — This  is  no  time  to  experiment  with  unusual  and  untried  crops. 

Plant  all  waste  ground  to  some  profitable  crops  which  may  be  used  for  food  for 
man  or  animal.  Increase  the  number  of  hogs;  plant  rape  for  forage;  increase  the 
acreage  in  potatoes  and  beans.  Plant  special  forage  crops  and  feed  good  dairy  cows 
the  maximum  ration.  Every  housekeeper  should  put  up  two  years'  supply  of  canned 
fruits  and  vegetables.  Where  cans  are  not  available  all  fruits  and  vegetables  that 
can  be  dried  should  be  preserved  in  this  manner  and  in  larger  quantities  than  ever 
before. 

The  methods  to  be  followed  in  obtaining  maximum  production  have  been 
definitely  worked  out.  Farmers  may  get  this  information  quickly  and  without 
cost  by  applying  to  the  College  of  Agriculture  or  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Missouri  Council  of  Defense^ — In  order  that  the  State  of  Missouri  may  render 
the  greatest  service  to  the  Federal  government  and  make  effective  all  the  activities 


Seven 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


of  the  State  enlisted  in  the  national  service,  we  recommend  that  the  Governor  appoint 
a  Missouri  Council  of  Defense.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  body  to  serve  with  him 
and  to  co-operate  with  the  National  Council  of  Defense  and  to  place  at  the  service 
of  the  nation  without  restriction  all  the  resources  and  activities  of  the  State  of 
Missouri. 

Loyal  to  the  State  and  National  Leaders — This  state-wide  Missouri  Conference 
on  Food  and  Public  Defense  does  unreservedly  approve  and  commend  the  progressive 
and  patriotic  spirit  of  Governor  Frederick  D.  Gardner  in  calling  this  convention 
through  the  Board  of  Agriculture;  we  endorse  the  actions  and  policies  of  President 
Woodrow  Wilson  and  the  Congress  of  these  United  States,  and  we  do  pledge  to  the 
Governor  of  Missouri  and  the  President  of  the  Nation  the  unqualified  support  of  each 
and  every  Missouri  citizen  in  this  unparalleled  struggle  for  world  peace  and  human 
liberty." 


Creation  of  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 

Creation  of  Missouri  Council — After  which,  the  Conference  adjourned,  and  on 
the  morning  of  April  24,  1917,  Governor  Gardner  announced  the  creation  of  the  Mis- 
souri Council  of  Defense  in  the  following  statement: 

"The  idea  of  a  State  Council  of  Defense  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  old  State  Council 
of  Safety  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  duties  of  such  a  Council,  among  other 
things,  are: 

1st.     To  mobilize  and  conserve  all  the  resources  of  the  State. 

2nd.  To  co-operate  with  the  War  and  Navy  Department,  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  and  the  Council  of  National  Defense. 

3rd.  To  assist  in  a  movement  to  prevent  uneconomic  speculation  in  the 
necessaries  of  life. 

4th.  To  take  the  lead  in  all  movements  for  assisting  the  farmer,  also  in  exploiting 
the  advantage  of  municipal  and  community  gardening;  shall  co-operate  with  the 
College  of  Agriculture,  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  the  Superintendent  of 
Schools,  etc. 

5th.  In  brief,  this  Committee  will  be  the  supreme  authority  of  the  common- 
wealth in  relation  to  the  State's  duties  to  the  nation  during  the  entire  period  of  the 
war." 


Eight 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


A  list  of  the  members  as  appointed  follows: 
Dean  F.  B.  Mumford,   Chairman,   Col-     Cecil  W.  Thomas,  Jefferson  City 


umbia,  Mo. 
Thornton    Cooke,    President,    Missouri 

Bankers'  Ass'n,  Kansas  City 
Walter  S.  Dickey,  Kansas  City 
W.   T.   Kemper,    Commerce  Trust  Co., 

Kansas  City 
Wm.  H.  Ivce,  St.  Louis 
George  W.  Brown,  St.  Louis 
Melville  L.  Wilkinson,  St.  Louis 
Rev.  W.  C.  Bitting,  St.  Louis 
Archbishop  John  J.  Glennon,  St.  Louis 
Elliott  Marshall,  St.  Joseph 
Hugh  Mclndoe,  Joplin 
Robert  Withers,  Liberty 

B.  F.  Bush,  St.  Louis 

Members  subsequently  appointed. 

C.  W.  Armour,  Kansas  City 
J.  T.  Bird,  Kansas  City 

Mrs.  B.  F.  Bush,  St  Louis 

Paul  W.  Brown,  St.  Louis 

James  Cowgill,  Kansas  City 

C.  H.  Daues,  St.  Louis 

L.  C.  Hamilton,  St.  Joseph 

John  T.  Heard,  Sedalia 

James  H.  McCord,  Jefferson  City 

John  F.  Morton,  Richmond 

E.  D.  Nims,  St.  Louis 


E.  E.  E.  Mcjimsey,  Springfield 

Lee  Shelton,  Kennett 

S.  J.  Roy,  Hannibal 

Frank  W.  McAllister,  Jefferson  City 

Mayor  Henry  W.  Kiel,  St.  Louis 

Geo.  H.  Edwards,  Kansas  City 

John  H.  Galeener,  Sikeston 

R.  T.  Wood,  Springfield 

David  Sommers,  St.  Louis 

C.  O.  Raine,  Canton 

E.  W.  Solomon,  Bernie 

S.  R.  Schmutz,  Mayview 

R.  A.  Long,  Kansas  City 

Fred  W.  Fleming,  Kansas  City 

I.  B.  Dunlap,  Kansas  City 

J.  F.  Osborne,  Joplin 
R.  B.  Oliver,  Cape  Girardeau 
Walter  Robertson,  Marshall 
John  Scullin,  St.  Louis 
Cyrus  P.  Walbridge,  St.  Louis 
W.  W.  Wheeler,  St.  Joseph 
Edwards  Whitaker,  St.  Louis 
Huston  Wyeth,  St.  Joseph 
C.  F.  Enright,  Jefferson  City 
J.  C.  Whitsell,  St.  Joseph 


Missouri  was  practically  the  first  state  after  the  declaration  of  war  to  hold  a 
War  Conference  and  create  a  State  Council  of  Defense. 

The  Missouri  State  Council  of  Defense,  as  appointed  by  the  Governor,  held  its 
first  meeting  in  the  City  of  St.  Louis  on  April  28th,  1918.  Chairman  Mumford  called 
the  meeting  to  order. 

The  Council  proceeded  to  organize  by  electing  Dean  F.  B.  Mumford  permanent 
Chairman  of  the  Council,  appointing  a  Committee  to  select  the  location  of  head- 
quarters and  to  select  a  permanent  Secretary. 


Nine 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Mr.  William  H.  Lee  was  nominated  for  Treasurer  and  unanimously  elected. 
On   May   8th    the    Council   again   met   in   St.    Louis   and  voted   to  establish 
headquarters    in    Jefferson    City.    Mr.    William    Flewellyn    Saunders    was    made 
Secretary. 

The  Council  met  June  1st  at  the  Planters  Hotel  in  St.  Louis,  and  at  this  meeting 
planned  a  budget  of  expenditures  to  include  the  support  of  the  women's  auxiliary,  and 
discussed  plans  for  the  opening  of  the  offices. 

The  office  headquarters  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  were  opened  June 
17th  in  the  Senate  Chamber  of  the  Temporary  Capitol  Building,  where  they  remained 
until  the  opening  of  the  New  Capitol  in  October,  1917,  to  which  it  moved  and  remained 
throughout  its  existence. 

Successive  meetings  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  were  held  as  follows: 
June  22nd,  1917,  Jefferson  City,  Mo. 
July  19th,  1917,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
July  21st,  1917,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
August  8th,  1917,  Joplin,  Mo. 
August  29th,  1917,  Springfield,  Mo. 
September  26th,  1917,  Sedalia,  Mo. 
November  8th,  1917,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
December  12th,  1917,  Jefferson  City,  Mo. 
January  16th,  1918,  Columbia,  Mo. 
March  20th,  1918,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
June  1st,  1918,  Hannibal,  Mo. 
July  12th,  1918,  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo. 
September  10th,  1918,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
September  26th,  1918,  Sedalia,  Mo. 
December  11th,  1918,  Jefferson  City,  Mo. 
January  10th,  1919,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  final  meeting  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  held  at  the  St.  Louis 
Club,  St.  Louis,  January  10th,  at  which  time  the  following  resolution  was  adopted: 

"The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State 
to  be  the  supreme  authority  of  the  Commonwealth  in  relation  to  the  State's  duty 
to  the  nation  during  the  entire  period  of  the  war. 

"Technically,  we  are  still  at  war  with  the  Central  Powers,  but  actually  the  war 
has  been  won,  and  it  is  therefore  our  judgment  that  the  primary  purpose  for  which  the 
Council  was  organized  has  been  accomplished.  The  Council  therefore  has  taken 
the  following  action: 


Tmn 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


1.  The  efficiency  and  the  patriotism  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  is  a 
source  of  profound  gratification  and  we  recommend  that  all  local  Councils  of  Defense 
continue  intact  for  such  service  in  connection  with  reconstruction  activities  as  may 
later  be  determined. 

2.  The  Chairman  is  requested  to  notify  all  employees  of  the  Council,  except 
the  Acting  Secretary  and  one  stenographer,  that  their  services  will  be  no  longer 
required  after  January  25,  1919. 

3.  That  a  report  of  the  work  of  the  Council  of  Defense  throughout  its  existence 
be  prepared  by  the  Acting  Secretary  under  the  direction  of  the  Chairman;  that  this 
be  printed  in  an  edition  of  2500  copies. 

4.  The  Chairman  is  hereby  authorized  to  turn  over  all  files  and  records,  including 
such  filing  cases  as  are  clearly  essential  for  preservation  of  the  records,  to  the  Missouri 
State  Historical  Library,  at  Columbia,  Missouri. 

5.  The  Chairman  is  authorized  to  appoint  an  Auditing  Committee  to  have  a 
proper  audit  of  all  accounts  and  a  committee  to  dispose  of  the  property  of  the  Council 
at  public  auction.  The  proceeds  of  such  sale  to  be  deposited  with  the  Treasurer  and 
the  funds  thus  collected  to  be  used  in  payment  of  any  just  claims  against  the  Council. 

6.  The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  hereby  releases  all  committees  and  members 
of  County,  Township  and  Community  Councils  from  all  further  obligations  and 
announces  that  it  will  no  longer  assume  the  responsibility  of  directing  such  com- 
mittees and  local  councils,  assuming  that  all  proper  functions  will  hereafter  be 
continued  by  the  various  regular  State  agencies. 


Eleven 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Agriculture  and  Food  Production 


The  Committee  on  Agriculture  and  Food  Production,  as  originally  provided  by 
the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  was  composed  of  F.  B.  Mumford,  Chairman,  Missouri 
Council  of  Defense,  Council  Member;  A.  J.  Meyer,  Director  of  the  Agricultural 
Extension  Service,  Chairman;  Jewell  Mayes,  Secretary  of  the  Missouri  State  Board 
of  Agriculture;  Paul  Evans,  Director  of  the  Missouri  Fruit  Experiment  vStation,  and 
C.  T.  Patterson,  Director  of  the  Missouri  Poultry  Experiment  Station. 

Early  in  the  year  1918,  Messrs.  C.  T.  Patterson  and  Paul  Evans  left  their  posi 
tions,  and  T.  W.  Noland  and  F.  W.  Faurot  were  appointed  as  their  successors,  thereby 
automatically  becoming  members  of  the  committee  on  Agriculture  and  Food 
Production.  At  a  meeting  of  the  committee,  March  11,  1918,  the  following  sub" 
committee  were  authorized  and  chairmen  named:  Sub-committee  on  Live  Stock, 
chairman,  C.  E.  Yancey,  Liberty,  Mo.;  sub-committee  on  Horticultural  Products, 
chairman,  John  Evans,  Olden,  Mo.;  sub-committee  on  Farm  Crops,  Horace  Windsor, 
Boonville,  Mo. 


General  Method  of  Work 

This  committee  has  proceeded  throughout  its  existence  on  the  theory  that  its 
greatest  service  could  be  rendered  by  supporting  the  agricultural  production  projects 
of  established  institutions  and  organizations  rather  than  by  initiating  new  and 
independent  lines  of  effort,  which,  at  best,  could  only  duplicate,  and  at  worst  might 
seriously  conflict  with,  established  activities  representing  the  Federal  and  State 
governments,  which  were  already  under  way  and  which  were  operating  with  financial 
budgets  of  considerable  size.     This  committee  had  no  financial  budget. 

In  accordance  with  the  foregoing  theory,  the  first  work  of  the  committee  was  to 
make  a  survey  of  the  field  and  discover  agencies  with  which  it  might  co-operate. 
These  were  found  to  include  the  following: 

(1)  The  County  Council  of  Defense  organization  including 
especially  the  county  organizations; 

(2)  The  College  of  Agriculture  with  its  extension  Service, 
including^  county  agricultural  agents,  home  demonstra- 
tion agents  and  boys'  and  girls'  club  workers; 


Thirteen 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFKNSIv 


(3)  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  with  its  Farmers'  In- 
stitute workers  and  other  extensions  representatives 
who,  in  both  regulatory  and  educational  capacities 
were  encouraging  food  production  and  all  'round  devel- 
opment of  agriculture; 

(4)  The  Poultry  Experiment  Station  at  Mountain  Grove, 
Mo.,  with  its  facilities  for  reaching  the  poultrymen  of 
the  state  in  the  interests  of  increased  production  of 
poultry  products; 

(5)  The  Missouri  Fruit  Kxperiment  Station  at  Mountain 
Grove,  Mo*. 

(6)  The  Public  School  System  of  the  state  headed  by  the 
Department  of  Public  Schools  at  JefTerson  City,  Mo. 

(7)  The  oflfice  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor; 

(8)  The  Federal  Food  Administration  of  Missouri  with  its 
various  divisions  in  counties,  towns  and  cities; 

(9)  The  various  agricultural  organizations  and  organiza- 
tions of  women  formed  in  the  interests  of  food  conser- 
vation. 

All  of  the  foregoing  served  as  a  regular  channel  of  communication  through  which 
the  committee  was  enabled  to  render  more  or  less  direct  service  in  bringing  Missouri 
into  the  war,  aggressively  and  positively. 

Because  of  the  fact  that  all  of  its  work  has  been  co-operative  in  character,  no 
claim  is  made  by  the  committee  for  the  full  credit,  or  for  any  definite  portion  of  the 
credit,  for  results  accomplished  as  indicated  in  the  succeeding  sections  of  this 
chapter. 


Literature  and  Publications 

During  the  term  of  service  of  the  committee  there  have  been  distributed  in 
the  state  of  Missouri  the  following  publications  and  special  leaflets: 
College  of  Agriculture: 
Extension  Service  Circulars :        .  ^ 

No.  22.     The  Way  to  Grow  and  Use  Sudan  Grass. 
No.  23.     Drying  of  Fruits  and  Vegetables. 


Fourteen 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Extension  Service  Circulars — Continued : 

No.  24.  Crops  for  Overflowed  Lands. 

No.  25.  War  Breads. 

No.  26.  The  Story  of  a  Backyard  Flock. 

No.  27.  Work  of  a  Farmers'  Exchange. 

No.  28.  Fertilizers  for  Wheat. 

No.  29.  Growing  Wheat  in  Missouri. 

No.  30.  Farm  Cheesemaking. 

No.  31.  Farming  on  a  War  Basis. 

No.  32.  Silos  and  Silage. 

No.  33.  Community  Live  Stock  Breeding. 

No.  34.  Tile  Drainage. 

No.  35.  Pickles  and  Relishes. 

No.  36.  Hogging  Down  Corn. 

No.  37.  Sweet  Clover. 

No.  38.  Farm  Buildings  for  Missouri. 

No.  39.  Farm  Lighting  Systems. 

No.  40.  The  Emergency  Agricultural  Agent. 

No.  41.  Principles  of  Sewing. 

No.  42.  Hog  Butchering  and  Pork  Curing. 

No.  43.  Profitable  Dairy  Herds  through  Cow  Testing. 

No.  44.  How  to  Select  and  Store  Household  Linens. 

No.  45..  How  to  Cook  Soybeans  and  Cowpeas. 

No.  46.  How  to  Save  Fats. 

No.  47.  How  to  Save  Sugar. 

No.  48.  How  to  Test  Seed  Corn. 

No.  49.  Water  Systems  for  Farm  Homes. 

No.  50.  Cottage  Cheesemaking. 

No.  51.  Selection  and  Management  of  Dairy  Bull. 

No.  52.  Canning  by  the  One-Period  Cold  Pack  Method. 

No.  53.  Storing  Vegetables. 

No.  54.  Prevent  Insect  Damage. 

No.  55.  The  Winters'  Feed  Supply. 

No.  56.  Fattening  Lambs  on  Forage. 

No.  57.  Making  a  Simple  Wash  Dress  and  Middy  Blouse. 

No.  58.  Grain  Judging  for  Boys'  and  Girls'  Clubs. 

No.  59.  Winter  Eggs  for  Missouri. 

No.  60.  Handling  the  Alfalfa  Crop. 


Fifteen 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Extension  Service  Circulars— Concluded: 
No.  61.     Liming  for  Clover. 
No.  62.     Handling  Barnyard  Manure. 
No.  63.     Pure  Bred  Live  Stock  and  the  Average  Farm. 
No.  64.     Potato  Culture  for  Missouri. 

Experiment  Station  Bulletins : 

No.  147.  Work  and  Progress  of  Experiment  Station  1915-16. 

No.  148.  Soil  Experiments  on  Ozark  Upland. 

No.  149.  Preparations  of  Corn  for  Fattening  Steers. 

No.  150.  Corn  Silage  in  Rations  for  Fattening  Steers. 

No.  151.  How  the  Station  Works. 

No.  152.  Cost  of  Horse  Labor  on  the  Farm. 

No.  153.  The  Soils  of  Missouri. 

No.  154.  Inspection  of  Commercial  Fertilizers,  1917. 

No.  155.  Meat  Scraps  and  Sour  Milk  for  Egg  Production. 

No.  156.  Milk  Production  Costs  and  Milk  Prices. 

No.  157.  Fertilizer  Trials — Wentzville  Experiment  Field. 

No.  158.  Winter  Rations  for  Dairy  Heifers. 

No.  159.  Profits  from  Milk  Cows  on  General  Cornbelt  Farms. 

No.  160.  Inspection  of  Commercial  Fertilizers,  1918. 

Experiment  Station  Circulars : 

No.  83.  The  Home  Vegetable  Garden. 
No.  84.  How  to  Keep  Farm  Accounts. 
No.  85.     The  Farmers'  Beef  Club. 


State  Board  of  Agriculture: 

Vol.  15,  No.    6.     Sam  Jordan's  Corn  Talk. 


Vol. 

15, 

No. 

7. 

Vol. 

15, 

No. 

8. 

Vol. 

15, 

No. 

9. 

Vol. 

15, 

No. 

10. 

Vol. 

15, 

No. 

11. 

Vol. 

15, 

No. 

12. 

Vol. 

16, 

No. 

1. 

Vol. 

16, 

No. 

2. 

Vol. 

16, 

No. 

3, 

Vol. 

16, 

No. 

4. 

Vol. 

16, 

No. 

5. 

The  Small  Vegetable  Garden. 

War  Time  Farming. 

Growing  and  Feeding  Meat  to  Animals. 

Horses  and  Mules. 

Live  Stock  Questions  and  Answers. 

Missouri  Crop  Review. 

The  Farmer  and  the  War. 

The  Control  of  Hog  Cholera  in  Missouri. 

Farm  Questions  and  Answers  (Part  1). 

Farm  Questions  and  Answers  (Part  2). 

Farm  Questions  and  Answers  (Part  3). 


Sixteen 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


State  Board  of  Agriculture— Continued. 

Vol.  16,  No.    6.  Farm  Questions  and  Answers  (Part  4). 

Vol.  16,  No.    7.  Dividing  the  Dollar. 

Vol.  16,  No.    8.  The  New  Patriotism. 

Vol.  16,  No.    9.  Live  Stock  in  War  Time. 

;  Vol.  16,  No.  10.  Co-operation  Among  Farmers. 

Vol.  16,  No.  11.  A  Farm  Club  for  Women. 

Vol.  16,  No.  12.  The  Farmers'  Club. 

Missouri  Poultry  Experiment  Station : 

Bulletin  No.    8.     Swat  the  Rooster  and  Hints  on  Marketing  of  Eggs. 

Bulletin  No.    4.     The  Fool  Proof  Poultry  House. 

Bulletin  No.  15.     Incubation  and  Brooding. 

Circular  No.  16.    Swat  the  Rooster  (Market  Infertile  Eggs  During 

Summer  Months). 
Bulletin  No.  17.     Year  Book  for  1917-18. 

Missouri  Fruit  Experiment  Station: 

Circular  No.    9.    Spray  Schedule  for  Grapes. 

Circular  No.  10.    Effect  of  Various  Dressings  on  Pruning  Wounds 

of  Apple  Trees. 
CircularNo.il.     Spray  Schedule  for  Grapes. 
Circular  No.  12.     Varieties  of  Apples  for  the  Home  Orchard. 
Circular  No.  13.     Peaches,  Plums  and  Cherries  for  the  Home  Orchard. 
,  Circular  No.  14.     Small  Fruits  for  the  Home  Orchard. 

Circular  No.  15.     Growing  the  Home  Orchard. 
Bulletin  iSlo.  23.     Common  Orchard  Troubles. 
Spray  Calendar  Card. 

These  publications  were  distributed  in  various  ways  and  through  various  agencies, 
and  met  the  needs  of  the  committee  so  far  as  subject  matter  literature  was  concerned. 
In  connection  with  the  special  silo  campaign,  a  propaganda  leaflet  was  issued,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  by  the  College  of  Agriculture.  A 
circular  letter  giving  instructions  with  reference  to  war  gardens  was  widely  circu- 
lated over  the  state  and  another  circular  letter  making  special  appeal  for  the  testing 
of  seed  corn  in  the  spring  of  1918  was  issued  and  widely  distributed. 


Speaking  Campaigns* 

The  College  of  Agriculture  through  its  extension  service,  and  the  State  Board 
of  Agriculture  through  its  Farmers'  Institutes,  were  especially  fortunate  in  being 
able  to  reach  in  a  direct,  personal  way,  food  producers  in  practically  every  county 


Seventeen 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


of  the  state.  Congress,  by  a  generous  war  emergency  appropriation,  made  it  possible 
for  the  College  of  Agriculture  to  locate  in  the  state  forty-two  county  agricultural 
agents  and  twenty-seven  county  home  demonstration  agents.  In  addition  to  this, 
the  work  of  food  conservation  was  carried  to  the  three  largest  cities  of  the  state  by 
a  force  of  seven  special  city  workers. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  home  demonstration  work,  the  state  was  distributed  into 
fourteen  districts  with  a  demonstration  agent  in  each  district,  who  gave  her  time 
principally  to  giving  instruction  in  methods  of  canning  vegetables  and  in  demon- 
strating the  various  substitutes  that  people  were  compelled  to  know  about  in  order 
to  follow  the  rules  of  the  Federal  Food  Administration.  A  similar  practice  was 
followed  in  the  agricultural  work.  Here  the  district  agents  were  continued  until 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  the  number  gradually  decreasing  as  the  force  of  district 
workers  was  taken  over  into  regular  county  work.  Altogether  the  College  of  Agri- 
culture, through  its  extension  service  by  co-operation  with  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  was  able  to  place  in  the  field  118  men  and  women,  who  gave 
their  time  exclusively  to  help  farmers  and  housekeepers  to  meet  the  needs  of  the 
war  from  a  production  and  conservation  standpoint.  Sixteen  members  of  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  staff  gave  their  time  partially  or  wholly  to  similar  work.  The 
Moimtain  Grove  Poultry  Experiment  Station  gave  the  services  of  three  men  for 
part-time  extension  work  during  the  war,  while  the  Fruit  Experiment  Station  gave 
the  full  time  of  one  man  to  field  service. 

In  this  way,  every  demand  of  the  government  from  a  subject  matter  standpoint 
was  carried  to  the  field  by  word  of  mouth,  thus  supplementing  the  printed  material 
as  well  as  the  speakers  who  were  sent  out  from  other  sources. 


Supplying  Farm  Help 

From  the  beginning  of  the  war,  the  State  Labor  Commissioner,  co-operating 
with  the  United  States  Department  of  Labor,  developed  an  active  program  to  supply 
Missouri  farmers  with  needed  help  in  their  agricultural  operation.  The  various 
County  Councils  of  Defense  likewise  interested  themselves  in  this  matter.  The 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  co-operating  with  the  College  of  Agri- 
culture, employed  on  April  1,  1918,  a  so-called  Farm  Help  Specialist,  who,  from 
the  time  of  his  appointment,  gave  his  attention  principally  to  the  matter  of  organ- 
izing farmers  and  townspeople  so  that  local  farm  help  needs  might  be  cared  for,  in 
the  main,  locally.  The  farm  help  specialist  started  his  work  in  active  co-operation 
with  the  committee,  and  continued  this  relationship  throughout  the  season. 


Eighteen 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


As  matters  developed,  this  entire  line  of  work  turned  out  to  be  more  a  matterof 
preparedness  than  of  real  service,  since  the  combination  of  a  favorable  season  and  a 
not  too  rapid  withdrawing  of  farm  help  under  the  army  draft  enabled  Missouri 
farmers  for  the  most  part  to  gather  their  crops  without  experiencing  a  serious  labor 
shortage.  Too  much  cannot  be  said  of  the  long  hours  which  farmers  everywhere 
accepted  as  their  portion  of  military  service  in  meeting  the  labor  shortage  without 
sacrificing  production. 

In  practically  every  town  of  any  size,  a  volunteer  movement  was  developed  at 
harvest  time  by  which  town  people  went  to  the  country  to  assist  in  saving  the  wheat 
crop.  For  the  most  part,  the  people  from  the  towns  confined  their  activities  to 
shocking,  although  in  a  number  of  cases  the  same  persons  were  active  at  threshing- 
time.  Altogether,  202  farm  help  directors  were  appointed  in  the  state,  and  served 
their  communities  in  mobilizing  local  help  to  tide  over  the  peak-load  periods  during 
the  season.  From  the  best  evidence  available,  no  crops  have  been  lost  because  of 
lack  of  labor  to  handle  the  crops.  This  is  particularly  true  where  farmers  utilized 
the  services  of  their  local  farm  help  directors.  In  all  cases,  these  farm  help  directors 
co-operated  actively  with  the  local  councils  of  defense. 


Development  of  County  Agent  Work 

One  of  the  activities  to  which  the  committee  and  various  county  councils  of 
defense  gave  special  attention  was  the  development  of  county  agent  work.  Missouri 
went  into  the  war  with  fifteen  counties  having  county  agricultural  agents.  At  the 
time  of  this  report,  this  number  has  been  increased  to  forty-two.  It  was  appreciated 
that  the  quick  way  to  place  Missouri  at  the  head  of  other  states  in  food  production 
was  to  place  a  trained  agricultural  leader  in  all  of  its  good  agricultural  counties. 
Unfortunately  this  goal  was  not  reached,  but  the  record  of  twenty-seven  new  county 
agents  added  to  the  force  already  in  the  field  is  one  with  which  the  committee  is 
especially  gratified. 

At  the  date  of  this  report,  the  following  Missouri  counties  are  organized  with 
farm  bureaus  employing  co-operatively  with  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  county  agricultural  agents: 
Counties  Having  Agents  Prior  to  the  War : 
Butler  Chariton 

Buchanan  Greene 

Cape  Girardeau      Jackson 
Carroll  Johnson 


Knox 

St.  Charles 

Marion 

St.  Francois 

Pettis 

Scott 

Saline 

Nineteen 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Counties  Starting  County  Agent  Work  Since  the  Beginning  of  the  War: 

Adair                         Howell                     LaFayette  Pemiscot 

'   Caldwell                  Holt                        Madison  Pike 

Clark                        Howard                  Mississippi  St.  Louis        ' 

Clinton                     Jasper              '       Montgomery  vSullivan 

Cass                           Linn                         New  Madrid  Stoddard 

DeKalb                    Lincoln                   Newton  Vernon 

Dunklin                    Livingston             Perry  Webster 
Gentry 

It  is  impossible  to  record  all  the  results  accomplished  through  the  influence 
and  efforts  of  the  county  agricultural  agents.  A  few  of  the  more  outstanding  results 
include  the  following: 

1917                1918 
Total  number  of  acres  of  corn  known  to  have  been  grown  ac- 
cording to  suggestions  of  county  agents 27,941              885,641 

Total  number  acres  wheat  so  grown 12,213               197,899 

Total  number  acres  alfalfa  so  grown 990                  1,730 

Total  number  acres  sweet  clover  so  grown 102                     223 

Total  number  acres  soybeans  so  grown 4,037                  8,740 

Number  farms  selecting  seed  corn  in  fall 1,110                  5,492 

Number  farms  testing  seed  corn  for  germination 107                 19,018 

Number  acres  planted  with  fall  selected  seed  corn 13,220              186,826 

Number  acres  planted  with  tested  seed  corn 5,190              655,948 

Number  acres  planted  with  wheat  treated  for  smut 48,802 

Number  acres  oats  treated  for  smut 3,468                  2,585 

Number  orchards  pruned  and  sprayed  according  to  sugges- 
tions of  agents 340                     481 

Cow  testing  associations  organized  by  agents 3                         5 

Number  cows  in  such  association. 1,630                   2,013 

Live  Stock  breeders'  associations  formed 5                        ^1 

Total  membership  in  such  associations 376                     859 

Animals  tested  for  tuberculosis  on  suggestion  of  agent 646                   3,010 

Animals  treated  for  black  leg  on  suggestion  of  agent 6,842'                 3,857 

Hogs  vaccinated  for  cholera  on  suggestion  of  agent 4,996                 50,350 

Crop  rotation  systems  planned  and  adopted 57                      115 

Farms  using  commercial  fertilizers  ^n  suggestion  of  agent.  .  .  .  1,409                   2,564 

Farmers  keeping  farm  accounts  on  suggestion  of  agent 61                      233 

Total  number  of  farm  hands  supplied  by  county  agents 186                   1,745 


Twenty 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Total  number  of  farm  visits  made  for  the  purpose  of  giving        1917  1918 

definite  information  on  agriculture. 4,779  13,762 

Total  attendance  at  such  meetings . .   ■  27,315  172,582 

Agricultural  articles  written  by  agents  for  use  in  papers. .....      10,171  2,07^ 


Home  Demonstration  Work 

Throughout  the  war  the  problem  of  food  conservation  has  gone  hand  in  hand 
with  that  of  food  production.  A  number  of  states  in  the  union  had  already  demon- 
strated the  efficiency  of  county  agents  trained  in  home  economics  and  experienced 
in  household  practice  as  a  means  of  assisting  women  to  follow  the  methods  of  food 
conservation  which  were  absolutely  demanded  by  the  needs  of  the  war  emergency. 
From  time  to  time  throughout  the  two  years  past,  the  food  administration  has  issued 
necessary  regulations  with  reference  to  the  use  of  substitutes  and  the  conserving  of 
special  classes  of  foodstuffs. 

In  order  to  meet  the  demands  of. the  food  administration,  it  became  necessary 
for  housewives  to  largely  reorganize  and  readjust  their  food  practices.  This  created 
a  wide  demand  for  information.  Much  of  this  information  was  given  out  by  means 
of  the  printed  page,  but  here  again,  as  in  every  phase  of  war  work,  the  most  effective 
activities  were  those  that  received  personal  direction  through  personal  contact. 
The  College  of  Agriculture,  through  funds  furnished  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  as  an  emergency  measure,  was  able  greatly  to  increase  its  force  of 
state  workers. 

Early  in  1917,  a  canning  campaign  was  instituted  in  the  state,  with  the  result 
that  practically  every  county  was  reached  with  one  or  more  demonstrations  showing 
how  to  can  vegetables  by  the  cold  pack  method.     Following  this,  an  active  cam-', 
paign  to  teach  methods  of  conserving  wheat  flour  was  conducted   throughout/  the  ' 
state.     Women  everywhere  were  encouraged  to  expand  their  garden  and  poultry;^ 
operations,   or  to  take  over  these  activities  where  they  had  previously  been  the^ 
interests  of  men.     During  the  latter  months  of  1918,  special  stress  was  laid  ut>on 
clothing  conservation.     In  this  work,  the  needs  of  the  infant  and  child  have  not" 
been  forgotten.     Increasingly  great  attention  has  been  paid  to  miscellaneous  and.  • 
general  child  welfare  work.  ■  ,    ,. 

Records  are  not  available  to  show  theHtQjal  extent  of  results  accomplished. 
From  extremely  incomplete  records  availablehit  is  shown  that  658,633  quartS:,pf.;'' 
vegetables  and  fruits  were  canned  at  home  as  a  direct  result  of  home  economics:. 


Twenty -one 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


extension  work;  that  37,417  pounds  of  dried  fruits  were  produced,  and  that  10,500 
dozens  of  eggs  were  preserved  for  winter  use.  Altogether,  250,000  circulars  relating 
to  food  conservation  were  distributed  over  the  state.  In  addition  to  this,  consid- 
erably over  100,000  multigraphed  sheets  have  been  distributed  to  the  women  of  the 
state  on  subjects  of  immediate  interest. 

The  following  counties  have  been  supplied  with  county  home  demonstration 
agents  since  the  beginning  of  the  war: 

Barton 

Butler 

Cape  Girardeau 

Chariton 

Clay 

Cole 

Dunklin 
It  is  anticipated  that  many  of  the  counties  will  make  provision,  in  co-operation 
with  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  to 
retain  the  home  demonstration  work  as  a  permanent  educational  feature. 

The  committee  feels  that  its  interests  in  creating  sentiment  favorable  to  the 
employment  of  county  agricultural  and  home  demonstration  agents  has  been,  in  an 
indirect  way,  the  most  outstandingly  useful  of  its  various  lines  of  work. 


Greene 

Jefferson 

Marion 

Harrison 

Johnson 

Mississippi 

Holt 

LaFayette 

Montgomery 

Howell 

Lincoln 

St.  Francois 

Jackson 

Linn 

Sullivan 

Jasper 

Livingston 

Vernon 

Junior  Activities 

One  of  the  first  matters  to  receive  the  attention  of  the  committee  on  agriculture 
and  food  production,  was  that  of  encouraging  junior  activities  in  food  production. 
Every  town  in  the  state  was  urged  especially  to  form  garden  clubs  so  that  the  town 
back-lot  might  become  productive,  and  so  that  the  boy  or  girl  in  town  and  country 
might  lend  his  hand  to  a  war  activity  which  was  strictly  within  his  power  and  which, 
at  the  same  time,  would  contribute  to  the  winning  of  the  war  in  an  immediately 
direct  manner.  The  result  of  this  appeal,  combined  with  similar  appeals  from  various 
other  sources,  has  been  most  gratifying.  The  boys  and  girls  of  the  state  responded 
in  a  most  thoroughly  patriotic  manner. 

It  is  only  under  special  conditions  that  accurate  data  has  been  kept,  so  that  any 
figures  which  we  might  present  would  be  deceiving  because  of  their  incompleteness 
and  because  of  the  lack  of  definite  information  as  to  the  extent  of  such  incompleteness. 


Twenty-two 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF       DEFENSE 


There  are  available,  however,  definite  records  of  that  phase  of  junior  work  club 
organized  and  directed  by  the  College  of  Agriculture.     This  probably  represents 
only  a  small  fraction  of  the  actual  amount  of  work  done  by  boys  and  girls,  but  a  few 
of  the  more  outstanding  records  are  quoted  for  whatever  they  may  be  worth: 
Poultry  Clubs:  1917  1918 

Number  members  enrolled 1,206  2,482 

Value  of  product $5,533.00      $    13,614.00 

Pig  Clubs: 

Number  members  enrolled .• 293  805 

Value  of  product $      9,325.86      $    24,781.30 

Canning  Clubs: 

Number  members  enrolled 4,135  1,840 

Value  of  product $      1,660.08      $    15,001.55 

Sewing  Clubs: 

Number  members  enrolled 2,880  4,146 

Value  of  product $      7,132.10      $      6,392.75 

Garden  Clubs: 

Number  members  enrolled ;....  390  8,990 

Value  of  product $      5,328.00      $    25,136.75 

Bread  Baking  Clubs: 

Number  members  enrolled 603  739 

Value  of  product No  data 


Wheat  Increase 

Five  special  campaigns  are  particularly  deserving  of  mention  in  connection  with 
the  increasing  of  the  food  production  of  Missouri.  In  the  summer  of  1917,  the  Federal 
Government  asked  Missouri  to  increase  its  fall  sowing  of  wheat  five  per  cent.  Imme- 
diately a  well-organized  campaign,  promoted  through  the  various  county  councils 
of  defense,  was  extended  over  the  entire  wheat  producing  area  of  Missouri,  with  the 
result  that  Missouri's  actual  wheat  acreage  was  increased  more  than  four  times 
what  was  requested  by  the  Federal  Government.  The  actual  acreage  sown  in  the  fall 
of  1917  was  2,875,000,  as  compared  with  2,400,000  which  the  United  States  Government 
asked  for.  The  actual  yield  resulting  from  this  increased  acreage  was  52,258,000 
as  against  a  previous  five-year  average  of  31,500,000. 


Twenty-three 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Pork  Production 

Immediately  at  the  close  of  the  wheat  campaign,  there  was  launched  a  special 
pork  production  campaign  in  order  to  meet  a  demand  from  the  Federal  Government 
that  Missouri  increase  its  output  of  pork  fifty  per  cent.  It  was  realized  from  the 
beginning  that  so  large  an  increase  could  not  be  expected.  Nevertheless,  the  various 
County  Councils  of  Defense  placed  the  needs  of  the  world  before  the  hog  producers 
of  Missouri,  and  they  came  back  with  a  response  increasing  the  actual  production 
of  pork  in  the  state  something  like  twenty  per  cent.  It  is  impossible  to  give  an  exact 
figure,  since  there  is  no  way  of  obtaining  a  positive  record  as  to  the  amount  of  pork 
produced  in  any  given  year. 


Seed  Com  Testing 

In  the  spring  of  1918,  the  committee  entered  upon  a  vigorous  campaign  to  en- 
courage universal  testing  of  seed  corn  to  be  sure  that  only  corn  of  assured  growing 
power  should  be  planted  for  the  1918  crop.  Under  the  leadership  of  the  Missouri 
Council  of  Defense  every  corn-growing  county  in  the  state  took  up  the  work.  Each 
County  Council  of  Defense  was  asked  to  appoint  a  seed  corn  chairman  and  practically 
every  county  responded. 

Governor  Frederick  D.  Gardner  issued  a  special  proclamation  calling  attention 
to  the  importance  of  testing  seed  corn  as  a  war  measure. 

The  field  staffs  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  College  of  Agriculture 
gave  their  active  attention  to  the  campaign.  County  superintendents  and  teachers 
encouraged  their  children  to  test  seed  corn.  The  papers  of  the  state  gave  their 
columns  freely  to  the  furthering  of  seed  com  testing.  Every  public  and  private 
agency  in  the  state  that  might  have  some  influence  was  concentrated  on  the  one 
object  of  making^  Missouri's  1918  stand  of  corn  as  near  one  hundred  per  cent  as  good 
seed  could  make  it.  And  this,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  over  one-half  of  the  corn 
intended  for  seed  was  worthless,  because  of  the  unusual  weather  conditions  that  had 
prevailed  during  the  fall  and  winter  of  1917-18. 

The  com  testing  campaign  met  with  the  success  it  deserved.  Never  in  the 
history  of  the  state  did  Missouri  start  the  year  with  a  more  promising  stand  of  corn. 
Later  drought  conditions  turned  promised  bumper  yields  into  a  near  failure  over 
most  of  the  state,  but  the  corn  growers  had  done  their  full  share  in  starting  right. 
Much  of  the  credit  for  the  good  start  belongs  to  the  men,  women  and  children,  who 
gave  themselves  so  enthusiastically  to  promoting  the  seed  corn  germination  test. 


Twenty-four 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Poultry  Culling 

In  the  late  summer  and  early  fall  of  1918,  a  spscial  poultry  culling  campaign 
was  organized  in  Missouri  for  the  purpose  of  showing  poultry  raisers  how  to  select 
out  the  non-producing  hens.  As  a  result  of  this  campaign,  7,383  flocks  were  culled 
in  forty-five  counties  of  the  state.  It  is  a  conservative  estimate  to  say  that  the 
disposal  of  the  slacker  hens  from  over  7,000  flocks  has  saved  feed  to  the  value  of  more 
than  $175,000. 


Second  Wheat  Campaign 

The  wheat  campaign  to  encourage  a  still  greater  increase  in  acreage  was  repeated 
in  the  summer  of  1918,  at  which  time  special  emphasis  was  also  laid  upon  treating  all 
seed  wheat  to  prevent  smut,  which,  in  past  years,  has  been  taking  a  large  toll  from 
Missouri  wheat  growers.  As  a  result  of  this  campaign,  practically  every  county  in 
the  state  sowed  more  smut-free  wheat  than  has  ever  been  sown  in  the  history  of  the 
state.  The  committee  has  records  of  approximately  50,000  acres  sown  to  treated 
seed  wheat,  and  it  was  estimated  that  several  times  this  number  of  acres,  of  which 
there  is  no  record,  were  likewise  sown  to  treated  seed.  Judged  by  the  amount  of 
formaldehyde  sold  in  Saline  County  to  treat  wheat,  that  county  alone  is  estimated 
to  have  at  least  90,000  acres  seeded  to  treated  wheat.  Other  counties  claim  to  have 
a  considerable  portion  of  their  total  wheat  area  sown  to  smut-free  wheat.  '  The 
effect  of  this  work  will  be  evident  in  the  next  harvest. 

Again  Missouri  took  a  great  forward  step  in  increasing  her  wheat  acreage,  running 
the  total  sowed  for  the  year  1919  crop  up  to  4,243,000  acres,  according  to  the  crop 
estimate  of  the  Missouri  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 


Silo  Campaign 

The  Councils  of  Defense  in  thirty-five  counties  co-operated  with  the  committee 
in  making  a  silo  survey  as  a  preliminary  to  an  extended  campaign  to  encourage  the 
building  of  a  larger  number  of  silos  on  Missouri  farms.  As  a  result  of  this  survey, 
the  various  state  and  Federal  agencies  entrusted  with  the  continuance  of  the  agri- 
cultural activities  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  came  in  touch  with  over  1,000 
Missouri  farmers  who  were  interested  in  silo  building. 


Twenty -five 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Marketing  Committee 

The  Marketing  Committee  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  compQsed  of 
Jewell  Mayes,  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  Chairman;  Messrs.  C.  O. 
Raine,  Master  of  the  State  Grange;  E.  W.  Solomon,  President  of  the  Missouri  State 
Farmers'  Union;  C.  W.  Schmutz,  President  of  the  Missouri  State  Farmers'  Asso- 
ciation, and  Professor  A.  J.  Meyer,  Director  of  Agricultural  Extension,  Missouri 
College  of  Agriculture.  Others  interested  in  the  problems  of  production  and  dis- 
tribution worked  with  the  Marketing  Committee. 

One  conference  was  held  in  St.  Louis,  in  co-operation  with  the  Agricultural 
Committee,  along  with  the  agricultural  departments  of  the  Missouri  Pacific,  Iron 
Mountain,  the  Frisco,  the  Wabash,  other  railroads  and  other  activities  of  agricul- 
ture. The  Agricultural  Committee  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  heartily  and 
constantly  co-operated  and  made  every  effort  in  the  interest  of  the  producer  and 
the  consumer  in  times  of  war. 

The  Chairman  had  the  opportunity  and  duty  of  conducting  in  a  very  limited  way 
a  State  Bureau  of  Marketing  through  the  Missouri  Clip  Sheet  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  doing  this  work  without  any  expense  to  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense. 

In  the  critical  times  of  seed  corn  planting,  seed  corn  selection,  seed  corn  buying 
and  distribution,  in  the  spring  time  and  late  winter  of  1918,  the  Marketing  Com- 
mittee was  very  active  and  issued  special  editions  of  lists  of  all  known  holders  of  good 
seed  corn,  conducting  a  very  considerably  large  amount  of  correspondence  in  getting 
together  the  man  who  had  seed  corn  to  sell  with  the  man  who.  desired  to  buy  Mis- 
souri-grown seed  corn. 

Not  only  with  seed  com,  but  in  all  farm  seeds  and  farm  crops  the  Committee 
co-operated,  and  in  a  very  great  many  instances  assisted  the  producer  in  finding  a 
ready  market  for  his  special  and  regular  products.  Beans,  garden  and  truck  field 
products,  special  fruits  and  other  special  crops  were  thus  marketed. 

The  Committee  helped  quite  a  large  number  of  live  stock  raisers  to  dispose  of 
their  surplus  stock  or  stocks  necessary  to  be  sold  because  of  drought  or  shortage 
of  feed,  lack  of  farm  help,  or  for  other  reasons. 

In  securing  and  distributing  farm  help,  this  "Marketing  Committee"  was  quite 
active,  working  with  State  Labor  Commissioner  W.  H.  Lewis  and  the  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Labor.  The  Committee  also  co-operated  with  the  Missouri  State  Prison 
Board  in  the  distribution  and  sale  of  Missouri-made  binder  twine. 


Twenty-six 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


AN  APPRECIATION 

The  Committee  on  Agriculture  and  Food  Production  desires  to  express  its  appreciation 
of  the  vigorous  and  effective  manner  in  which  the  press  of  the  state  has  given  its  co-operation 
in  furthering  all  activities  looking  toward  increased  food  production.  The  active  co-opera- 
tion of  the  various  County  Councils  of  Defense,  county  agricultural  agents,  and  various 
individuals  acting  on  their  own  responsibility  has  made  it  possible  for  the  committee 
to  function  in  the  capacity  for  which  it  was  created.  In  the  absence  of  a  budget,  we  desire 
particularly  to  give  recognition  to  the  material  assistance  rendered  by  the  secretaries  of 
the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  as  well  as  other  officials  connected  with  the  central  execu- 
tive office. 


Twenty -seven 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 

The  Missouri  Division  of  the  United 
States  Food  Administration 


Dean  F.  B.  Mumford  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  of  the  University  of  Missouri 
and  Chairman  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  was  appointed  Federal  Food 
Administrator  for  the  State  of  Missouri  on  October  19,  1917.  He  formed  a  ten- 
tative office  organization  by  the  immediate  appointment  of  T.  J.  Talbert  as 
Executive  Secretary,  Don  D.  Patterson,  Assistant  to  the  Food  Administrator, 
Mildred  Irish,  stenographer,  and  by  transferring.  Edith  O.  Briggs,  at  that  time 
stenographer  for  the  Dean  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  to  the  Food  Administration. 

As  Chairman  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  Dean  Mumford  had  already 
formulated  county  and  township  organizations  throughout  the  State  to  carry  on  the 
work  of  the  Council . 

When  he  became  Food  Administrator  for  Missouri,  he  immediately  began  the 
work  of  building  up  an  organization  similar  to  that  of  the  State  Council.  Many  of 
the  County  Chairmen  of  the  Council  of  Defense  were  appointed  County  Food 
Administrators,  By  uniting  the  Missouri  Division  of  the  Council  of  Defense,  the 
Missouri  Division  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration,  and  the  Missouri 
College  of  Agriculture,  with  its  various  extension  workers,  Mr.  Mumford  had  an 
organization  which  in  many  respects  was  not  surpassed  by  any  other  State.  By 
enlisting  the  services  of  the  Chairmen  of  the  Women's  Committee  of  the  Council  of 
Defense,  as  well  as  the  various  county  chairmen,  a  real  working  organization  was 
built  up  in  the  State  which  was  most  effective  in  carrying  out  the  program  of  the 
United  States  Food  Administration, 

Merchant  Representative — M.  L.  Wilkinson  of  St.  Louis  was  appointed  Merchant 
Representative  on  October  10,  1917. 

The  closest  co-operation  was  maintained  between  the  Merchant  Representative 
and  the  Federal  Food  Administrator  in  the  distribution  of  literature  and  all  other 
work  undertaken  by  him. 

Home  Economics  Director— Miss  Louise  Stanley,  Chairman  of  the  Department 
of  Home  Economics  of  the  University  of  Missouri,  was  appointed  Director  of  Home 
Economics  on  October  10,  1917.  Miss  Essie  M.  Heyle  succeeded  her  in  this  work 
on  June  15,  1918. 


Twenty-nine 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Most  of  the  work  of  the  Home  Economics  Director  was  with  the  County  Food 
Chairmen  and  Home  Demonstration  Agents. 

In  January,  1918,  the  work  of  making  and  displaying  window  exhibits  was  begun. 
These  exliibits  were  displayed  weekly  in  the  various  counties  until  April.  Window 
exhibits  were  distributed  in  42  towns,  418  being  sent  out  weekly  in  March. 

Food  Administration  Schools  were  organized  in  March,  1918.  This  work  grew 
rapidly  from  the  beginning,  so  that  in  April  there  were  27  in  Kansas  City,  45  in  St. 
Louis,  and  30  outside  these  two  cities.  The  attendance  at  each  of  these  schools 
ranged  from  20  to  75  persons.  The  first  group  of  students  was  graduated  in  June 
and  more  than  1000  certificates  were  issued  to  those  completing  the  course. 

Food  preservation  courses  were  organized  in  May,  but  were  not  such  a  success 
as  they  would  otherwise  have  been,  on  account  of  the  drought. 

In  counties  having  a  large  negro  population,  classes  for  negro  women  were  also 
organized. 

The  activities  of  the  Home  Economics  Director  up  to  November  1,  1918,  may  be 
summarized  as  follows: 

32  Counties  were  reached 
278  demonstrations  given 
43  addresses  made 
146  special  articles  published 
6657  bulletins  distributed. 

Family  Food  Pledge  Enrollment  Campaign— The  first  work  undertaken  by  the 
Food  Administration  was  the  Family  Food  Campaign,  which  was  begun  on  October 
28th.  Approximately  1,000,000  Missourians  signed  the  pledge.  Missouri  was  the 
first  State  in  the  Union  in  number  of  signers  to  the  Food  Conservation  Pledge  in 
proportion  to  population,  and  second  only  in  total  number  of  signers. 

Motion  Picture  Chairman — In  October,  Mr.  A.  D.  Flinton  was  appointed  Motion 
Picture  Chairman  of  the  State,  and  literature  and  suggestions  were  distributed  in 
co-operation  with  him  from  time  to  time  to  motion  picture  establishments  of  the 
State. 

Distribution  of  Literature — In  October  the  distribution  of  the  Food  Administra- 
tion literature  was  begun.  The  main  channels  of  distribution  were  as  follows:  County 
Food  Administrators;  County  Food  Chairmen;  Deputy  County  Food  Administrators; 
County  Agricultural  Agents;  Home  Demonstration  Agents;  Public  Libraries.  Through 
these  channels,  editions  of  all  publications  were  distributed,  varying  usually  from 
3000  to  5000  copies.  In  many  cases,  however,  10,000  to  50,000  copies  of  various 
publications  were  distributed. 


Thirty 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Chairman  of  Library  Publicity  for  Missouri^ — Much  splendid  co-operation  in  the 
distribution  of  literature  was  given  by  Miss  Elizabeth  Wales,  who  was  appointed 
Chairman  of  Library  Publicity  for  Missouri,  on  February  11,  1918. 

Chairman  of  Speakers'  Bureau — In  October,  1917,  W.  F.  Saunders,  Secretary  of 
the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  was  appointed  chairman  of  the  Speakers'  Bureau 
of  the  Missouri  Division  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration. 

Pledging  Public  Eating  Places— Following  the  Family  Food  Campaign,  on 
November  1,  a  campaign  for  pledging  hotels  and  restaurants  was  inaugurated,  and 
the  co-operation  of  approximately  3,000  hotels  and  public  eating  places  was  secured, 

St.  Louis  Food  Administration  Committee — During  the  month  of  November,  1917, 
the  Food  Administrator  began  the  selection  of  County  Food  Administrators  for 
each  county  in  the  State.  A  Food  Administration  Committee  was  appointed  for 
St.  Louis  City.  This  committee  consisted  of  W.  F,  Gephart,  Dean  of  the  School 
of  Commerce  and  Finance  of  Washington  University,  Chairman;  S.  P.  Goddard  of 
the  Goddard  Wholesale  Grocery  Company;  Charles  Hertenstein,  Chairman  of  the 
Efficiency  Board  of  St.  Louis  and  President  of  the  Typographical  Union. 

Enforcement  Division— In  December,  1917,  the  Enforcement  Division  was 
organized,  with  Lee  Walker  in  charge. 

Hotel  Chairman — In  January,  1918,  Mr.  Frank  J.  Dean  of  Kansas  City  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  the  Hotel  and  Restaurant  Committee  for  Missouri.  Mr. 
Dean  was  succeeded  on  October  9,  1918,  by  John  D.  Tellman  of  the  Hotel  Jefferson 
in  St.  Louis. 

Appointment  of  County  Food  Administrators;  Use  of  Council  of  Defense — By 
January  31,  1918,  County  Food  Administrators  had  been  appointed  in  102  counties. 
In  many  cases,  the  County  Food  Administrator  named  was  also  the  Chairman  of  the 
County  Council  of  Defense.  In  all  cases  the  County  Council  of  Defense  was  asked 
to  make  recommendations  for  appointment  of  County  Food  Administrators.  The 
organization  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  used  consistently  by  the  State  Food 
Administration,  and  was  valuable  in  carrying  out  its  initial  campaigns,  as  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  had  perfected  its  organization  prior  to  the  inception  of  the  Food 
Administration. 

Retail  Grocers  Pledged — On  January  29,  1918,  a  campaign  was  started  through 
the  County  Food  Administrators  to  obtain  pledges  from  retail  grocers  to  co-operate 
with  the  Food  Administration. 

Changes  in  Handling  Press  Matter— During  January  important  changes  were 
made  in  the  manner  of  handling  press  matter  by  Vaughn  Bryant,  who  took  charge 


Thirty-one 


MISSOITRI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


of  the  work  the  latter  part  of  December.     These  changes  aided  the  editors  in  the 
handling  of  copy. 

County  Organization — By  March  1,  County  Food  Administrators  had  been 
appointed  in  all  Missouri  counties  except  two.  The  County  Food  Administrators 
were^in  turn  proceeding  with  their  local  organizations,  300  deputies  and  assistants 
having  been  appointed  on  the  above  date. 

Appointment  of  "Women  Food  Chairmen— In  order  to  further  strengthen  the 
county  organization  the  appointment  of  Women  Food  Chairmen  was  begun  on 
Februarys,  1918,  in  each  county,  and  up  to  March  1,  seventy  of  these  had  been  selected. 

The  Woman  Food  Chairman  of  each  county  did  excellent  work  in  connection 
with  Food  Conservation  Exhibits  at  county iairs  and  also  at  the  State  Fair. 

Distribution  of  the  1918  Home  Card— During  February,  1918,  the  distribution 
of  the  1918  Home  Card  and  the  Corn  and  Oat  Recipe  leaflets  was  undertaken. 
Approximately  600,000  Home  Cards  and  recipes  were  distributed  in  the  State. 

Progress  of  County  Organization  Work— During  March  the  appointment  of 
County  Food  Administrators  in  the  State  was  completed.  Four  hundred  and  sixty- 
one  deputies  and  assistants  had  also  been  appointed,  and  eighty-eight  women  Food 
Chairmen . 

Grain  Threshing  Campaign — During  April,  the  Grain  Threshing  campaign  was 
started.  County  Threshing  Committees  were  organized,  consisting  of  the  County 
Food  Administrator,  County  Agricultural  Agent,  and  the  Chairman  of  the  County 
Council  of  Defense.  After  a  list  of  the  names  of  all  threshermen  had  been  obtained 
through  the  County  Food  Administrators  and  County  Agricultural  Agents,  a  pledge 
campaign  was  begun  to  enlist  the  co-operation  of  all  the  threshermen.  In  this  cam- 
paign approximately  5,000  threshing  machine  owners  pledged  as  members  of  the 
United  States  Food  Administration.  The  object  of  this  campaign  was  to  eliminate 
waste  at  threshing  time,  and  to  get  all  threshing  outfits  in  first  class  repair  before 
the  threshing  period.  W.  E.  Powell  of  Columbia  was  selected  as  Threshermen 's 
Assistant.     Later  V.  C.  Carter  and  R.  E.  Carder  were  appointed  as  assistants. 

Potato  Campaign — A  campaign  to  increase'  the  consumption  of  potatoes  was 
carried  on  during  April.  In  this  campaign  bulletins,  leaflets,  stories,  plays,  etc., 
were  distributed  to  the  schools  of  the  State,  and  special  letters  sent  to  large  users  of 
potatoes  with  recipes  for  their  use. 

Allotment  of  Sugar  for  Canning  and  Preserving,  April,  1918 — The  plan  followed 
by  Missouri  in  allotting  sugar  for  canning  and  preserving  was  adopted  in  April.  In 
order  that  all  might  receive  their  proper  share  and  no  more  of  the  sugar  available 


Thirty-two 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


for  home  canning,  a  Consumers'  Canning  and  Preserving  Certificate  was  devised. 
The  maximum  amount  that  could  be  purchased  at  one  time  was  placed  at  25  pounds. 

First  Issue  of  Food  Administration  Bulletin— The  first  issue  of  the  Food 
Administration  Bulletin  appeared  in  April.  This  was  published  weekly  and  sent  to 
all  County  Food  Administrators  and  their  deputies,  County  Agricultural  Agents, 
Home  Demonstration  Agents,  Chairmen  of  the  Women's  Committees,  and  others 
interested  in  the  work  of  food  conservation.  It  contained  all  announcements  of  the 
Missouri  Food  Administration,  new  rules  and  regulations,  and  other  information 
of  value  to  members  of  the  Food  Administration. 

County  Food  Administrators'  Conference,  June  25  and  26,  1918 — A  conference 
of  the  County  Food  Administrators  of  Missouri  was  held  in  Columbia  June  25  and 
26.  Sixty-five  County  Food  Administrators,  representing  every  section  of  the  State, 
were  in  attendance.  J.  W.  Hallowell,  from  the  Washington  office,  spoke  to  the 
Administrators. 

Return  of  Flour — Estimates  from  County  Food  Administrators  indicate  that 
up  to  July  1,  1918,  about  1,000,000  pounds  of  flour  were  returned  to  the  regular  channels 
of  trade  in  Missouri,  as  a  result  of  the  Flour  Conservation  program. 

Bakery  Inspection— In  May,  the  organization  and  supervision  of  bakery  inspection 
work  in  Missouri,  which  had  been  prior  to  that  time  under  the  direction  of  the 
St.  Louis  Station  of  the  Pure  Food  and  Drug  Inspection,  was  transferred  to  the 
State  Administrator's  office. 

Egg  and  Poultry  Division— In  June,  1918,  H.  L.  Kempster  of  the  Poultry 
Department  of  the  University  of  Missouri  was  appointed  as  Specialist  in  Charge  of 
the  Egg  and  Poultry  Division  of  the  Missouri  Food  Administration. 

Sugar  Rationing — On  May  15,  1918,  a  force  was  employed  and  organized  for  the 
handling  of  the  sugar  rationing  of  manufacturers. 

Inspectors  Appointed — Three  inspectors  were  added  to  the  Columbia  organization 
during  May.     These  were  George  P.  Bauer,  N.  D.  Evans,  and  S.  P.  Dalton. 

The  Grain  Threshing  Campaign  which  was  begun  in  April  was  actively  continued 
during  May,  June  and  July.  Co-operation  between  the  farmer  and  the  threshermen 
was  obtained  and  in  many  cases  fair  prices  were  agreed  upon.  Twenty-five  counties 
were  visited  by  the  threshermen's  assistants  and  approximately  120  machines  were 
inspected.  Conservative  estimates  made  at  the  end  of  the  season,  October,  1918, 
indicate  the  amount  of  grain  saved  in  Missouri  as  a  result  of  the  Grain  Threshing 
Campaign  was  400,000  bushels. 


Thirty-three 


MISSOl'RI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Negro  Deputies — On  August  22d,  James  B.  Coleman  was  appointed  State  Director 
for  work  among  negroes.  Through  the  immediate  appointment  of  deputies  in  counties 
of  sufficient  negro  population  to  warrant  the  work,  an  attempt  was  made  to  organize 
the  negroes  of  Missouri  for  food  conservation  work. 

Use  of  Permanent  Organizations — Special  efforts  were  put  forth  to  use  every 
permanent  organization  itself  for  carrying  out  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Food  Administration  and  for  getting  before  the  people  of  the  state  educational 
material  in  regard  to  the  necessity  of  conserving  food.  Churches  and  fraternal 
organizations  of  the  State  were  important  mediums  of  communication.  Special 
messages  from  Mr.  Hoover  and  other  educational  matter  were  sent  to  the  heads  of 
the  various  fraternal  organizations  and  to  the  ministers.  With  the  aid  of  Mrs.  George 
H.  Still,  President  of  the  Missouri  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  various  women's" 
organizations  in  the  State  were  effective  channels  through  which  educational  material 
was  sent.  Through  these  societies,  and  through  the  County  Food  Administrators 
and  their  Assistants  and  Deputies,  was  sent  literature,  such  as  wheatless  recipes 
and  various  means  of  conserving  food.  In  this  way  the  housewife  was  reached 
directly. 

Through  the  organization  of  Home  Demonstration  Agents  of  the  Agricultural 
Extension  Service  and  the  County  Agents,  much  valuable  work  in  food  conservation 
was  accomplished.  Demonstration  work  in  cooking  was  carried  on  throughout  the 
state  by  members  of  the  Agricultural  Extension  Service  and  the  District  and  County 
Agents.  Demonstrations  in  the  use  of  surplus  potatoes,  canning  and  preserving 
demonstrations,  baking  without  wheat,  community  canning  and  drying,  and  things 
of  a  similar  nature  were  given  by  the  members  of  the  Agricultural  Extension  Service. 

The  close  co-operation  of  the  Council  of  Defense,  the  Agricultural  Extension 
Service,  and  the  Food  Administration  resulted  in  getting  into  practically  every  part 
of  the  state  the  urgent  necessity  of  food  conservation. 

Decreased  Flour  Consumption — A  questionnaire  was  sent  to  the  County  Food 
Administrators  during  May,  requesting  an  estimate  of  the  decreased  sales  and 
consumption  of  sugar  and  flour.     The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  replies: 

Decreased  Sales  of  Sugar,  average  in  76  counties — 361  per  cent. 

Decreased  Sales  of  Flour,  average  in  76  counties — 50  per  cent. 

Decreased  Consumption  Sugar,  average  in  65  counties — 36^  per  cent. 

Decreased  Consumption  Flour,  average  in  65  counties — 51  per  cent. 


Thirty-four 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Enforcement  Division 

The  Enforcement  Division  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration  for  Missouri 
consisted  of  the  following: 

Lee  walker,  in  Charge  of  Enforcement,  assumed  charge 
December  17,  1917. 

Jos.  B.  Thompson,  inspector,  appointed  April  1;  trans- 
ferred and  placed  in  charge  of  Baking  Division,  May,  1918. 

J.  E.  Barnett,  inspector,  appointed  May  6,  1918;  served 
until  June  4,  1918. 

N.  D.  Evans,  inspector,  appointed  May  13,  1918;  trans- 
ferred to  Sugar  Division  July  10. 

George  P.  Bauer,  inspector,  appointed  April  13,  1918; 
dropped  December  1st,  1918. 

S.    P.    Dalton,    Assistant   in    Enforcement,    appointed 
June  3,  1918. 

W.  B.  Nowell,  Jr.,  in  Charge  of  Supervision  Section, 
Price  Publication  and  Distribution,  appointed  September  9. 

H.    J.    Maltby,    inspector,    inspector    in    Supervision 
Section,  appointed  September  4,  1918. 

W.    H.     Pollard,    inspector    in    Supervision    Section, 
appointed  September,  1918,  volunteer. 

W.    A.    Kliefoth,     inspector,    in    Supervision    Section, 
appointed  August,  1918,  volunteer. 

N.    H.    Pyle,    Assistant    Field    Supervisor,    appointed 
November  1st. 

Ed  Hughes,  inspector  in  Supervision  Section,  appointed 
August,  1918,  volunteer. 

Boyd    Harwood,     inspector    in     Supervision     Section 
appointed  August,  1918,  volunteer. 

S.    P.     Goddard,    inspector    in    Supervision    Section, 
appointed  August,  1918,  volunteer. 

E.  M.  Majors,  inspector  in  Supervision  Section,  appointed 
November  16,  volunteer. 
In  addition  to  the  staff  at  the  office  of  the  Federal   Food  Administrator    for 
Missouri  the  County  and  Deputy  County  Food  Administrators  constituted  members 
of  the  Enforcement  Division. 


Thirty-five 


M  I  S  S  O  l^  R  I       COUNCIL      OF       D  K  F  li  N  S  K 


In  St.  Louis  the  Administrator  for  the  City  of  St.  Louis  was  given  practically 
complete  control  of  Enforcement  for  that  city  and  maintained  an  enforcement 
Division. 


Methods  of  Enforcement 

Investigations — Investigation  of  complaints  and  conditions  was  usually  made 
through  County  Administrators  or  their  deputies.  Inspectors  from  the  State  office 
visited  County  Administrators  and  made  investigations. 

Hearings — In  minor  cases  hearings  were  held  at  the  office  of  the  County 
Administrator. 

In  major  cases  hearings  were  held  at  the  Columbia  office. 

Where  hearings  were  held  by  County  Administrators  they  were  reported  to 
Columbia.  No  penalties  were  imposed  until  hearings  were  held  and  a  complete 
statement  of  the  facts  submitted. 

Penalties — Penalties  were  enforced  only  after  hearings  either  at  Columbia  or 
at  the  office  of  the  County  Administrator.  The  County  Administrator  was  permitted 
to  recommend  penalties  but  not  permitted  to  impose  penalties.  Minor  penalties 
were  imposed  by  the  Columbia  office  and  in  any  cases  where  action  by  the  Washington 
office  was  necessary  or  desirable  they  were  referred  there  with  recommendations. 

The  general  policy  was  to  insist  on  voluntary  closings  rather  than  money 
contributions.  There  were  some  revocations  of  license  and  some  money  contribu- 
tions. In  addition  there  were  certain  cases  where  the  offender  discontinued  the  sale 
of  certain  commodities  as  a  penalty  and  still  other  cases  where  the  place  or  business 
was  merely  posted. 

The  principal  complaint  against  MILLS  was  that  they  violated  the  regulations 
fixing  prices  of  wheat  mill  feeds.  Generally  such  mills  were  small  concerns.  Little 
complaint  was  made  against  the  larger  concerns. 

Complaints  against  WHOLESALERS  were  for  exacting  excessive  prices. 

Complaints  against  RETAILERS  were  numerous.  Perhaps  the  most  numerous 
were  in  order  as  follows : 

1.  Sale  of  wheat  flour  without  substitutes. 

2.  Sale  of  excessive  quantities  of  wheat  flour. 

3.  Exacting  excessive  profits. 

4.  Violations  of  sugar  regulations. 

Complaints  against  BAKERS  were  principally  failure  to  use  the  required 
proportion  of  substitutes  in  baking. 


Thirty-six 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Perishables 

Numerous  cases  involving  perishables  and  rejections  were  adjusted  by  this 
Division. 

On  November  14th  the  Kansas  City  Administrator  made  a  statement  of  the 
settlement  of  cases  of  perishable  shipments  and  the  following  is  a  quotation  from 
that  statement: 

"Our  statement  shows  that  we  have  had  under  consideration  since  August  1st, 
1918,  including  the  forty-two  cases  which  were  then  unsettled,  one  hundred  and 
fifty-six  cases.  Of  these,  seven  have  been  settled  by  arbitration  and  one  hundred 
and  seven  by  adjustment,  while  forty-two  are  pending.  Of  the  forty-two,  twenty 
probably  will  have  to  be  arbitrated." 

Numerous  other  cases  were  handled  throughout  the  State  in  the  manner  prescribed 
by  the  Enforcement  Division  at  Washington. 

In  this  connection  it  should  be  stated  that  the  Bureau  of  Markets  at  Kansas 
City  and  St.  Louis  rendered  invaluable  service  in  making  inspections.  Their  co- 
operation was  perfect. 


Requisition  of  Wheat 

Prior  to  the  harvest  in  1918  the  Enforcement  Division  secured  the  marketing 
of  great  quantities  of  wheat  which  had  been  withheld  from  market  for  various  reasons 
by  growers.  In  all  some  400  cases  were  taken  up  and  disposed  of  by  letters  written 
direct  to  the  holders  of  the  wheat,  followed  up  not  only  by  other  letters  but  by  the 
County  Food  Administrators.  Most  of  these  cases  were  reported  by  the  Grain 
Corporation  whose  reports^were  received  from  grain  dealers  throughout  the  State. 

It  was  necessary  to  requisition  only  one  stock  of  wheat.  Wide  publicity  was 
given  the  case  with  the  result  that  no  other  cases  arose. 


Field  Supervision  Section 

This  section  was  organized  in  September,  1918,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  M.  A. 
Christopher,  Field  Supervisor,  for  the  purpose  of  making  inspections  of  the  books 
and  records  of  licensees.  The  system  proved  to  be  a  great  improvement  upon  the 
old  system  of  reports  by  licensees. 


Thirty-seven 


MISSOURI       C  O  I'  N  C  I  L      OF       D  K  F  E  N  S  li 


Field  Supervision  Division 

The  Field  Supervision  Section  was  established  on  September  9,  when  W.  B. 
Nowell,  Jr.,  was  added  to  the  staff.  He  also  had  charge  of  Price  Publication  and  of 
Distribution.  By  close  co-operation  with  the  Enforcement  Division,  the  work  of 
Field  Supervision  progressed  rapidly. 

The  work  of  inspection  began  the  week  of  September  9th.  During  the  weeks 
beginning  September  16th  and  23d,  the  largest  number  of  inspections  were  made 
through  volunteers,  and  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Pollard  and  Mr.  F.  T.  Shepard,  General  Field 
Supervisors. 

Field  Supervision  work  covered  the  following  licensed  trades:  Wholesale  and 
retail  groceries,  bakers'  supply  houses,  merchandise  brokers,  creameries,  fruit  and 
produce  dealers,  and  commission  merchants. 

With  few  exceptions,  licensees  conformed  strictly  to  the  rules  and  regulations 
since  the  first  inspection  was  made.  Records  were  improved,  and  violations  of 
maximum  margins  were  so  small  as  to  be  classified  as  technicalities. 


Distribution  Division 

The  Distribution  Division  was  established  on  September  9,  1918,  and  W.  B. 
Nowell,  Jr.,  placed  in  charge. 

Distribution  problems  were  confined  principally  to  delivery  by  retail  grocery 
stores  and  retail  meat  markets.  A  large  percentage  of  wholesale  grocers,  however, 
also  adopted  the  plan  of  one  delivery  a  day  throughout  the  State.  In  addition,  this 
system  was  adopted  by  the  dairies,  department  stores,  and  many  others  of  less 
importance.  The  following  are  the  lines  of  business,  listed  according  to  their 
importance  as  conservation  measures: 

Retail  Grocers. 

Retail  Butchers. 

Dairies. 

Wholesale  Grocers  and  Jobbers. 

Department  Stores,  etc. 
When  the  Distribution  Division  began  advocating  the  one-delivery-a-day  plan, 
or  the  co-operative  delivery  plan,  the  following  towns  were  reported  as  having  already 
established  this  system,  as  this  was  begun  by  the  Conservation  Division  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense  in  November,  1917,  and  had  extablished  conservation  measures 
in  a  large  number  of  towns  of  2,000  population  or  more: 


Thirty-eight 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


St.  Louis  Cape  Girardeau  Chillicothe 

Kirkwood  Fredericktown  Columbia 

West  Plains  Maryville  Jackson 

Webster  Groves  Kansas  City  Holden 

Sikeston  Joplin  Elvins 

Warrensburg  Poplar  Bluff  Springfield 

The  following  additional  towns  and  cities  adopted  this  plan  or  a  plan  equally 
as  economical,  on  or  before  December  1,  1918: 

Nevada  Doniphan  Lebanon 

Brookfield  Mexico  Appleton  City 

Lowry  City  Sedalia  Princeton 

Liberty  Excelsior  Springs  Ironton 

Kahoka  Shelbina  Grant  City 

New  Madrid  Weston  St.  Joseph 

Marionville  Fulton  Palmyra 

Bowling  Green  New  Haven  Union 

Washington  Hannibal  Marshall 

The  following  towns  discontinued  retail  delivery  entirely: 

Ozark  Charleston  Waynesville 

Monroe  City  Caldwell  Linn 

Lutesville 

Through  this  conservation  measure,  which  was  very  essential  during  the  war, 
it  is  estimated  that  the  one-delivery-a-day  system  alone  reduced  man-power  38  per 
cent  and  the  financial  cost  was  reduced  about  42  per  cent,  thus  creating  a  saving  to 
the  merchants  and  consumers  throughout  the  state  at  the  rate  of  about  $10,000,000 
annually. 


Educational  Division 

The  Educational  Division  came  into  being  when  Don  D.  Patterson  was  appointed 
Assistant  to  the  Food  Administrator  on  October  29,  1917.  Mr.  Patterson  resigned 
on  December  15th  to  enter  an  officers'  training  camp.  Vaughn  Bryant  was  appointed 
Publicity  Representative  to  succeed  Mr.  Patterson  on  December  17th.  In  February, 
all  Publicity  Representatives  and  Directors  of  Public  Information  of  the  Food 
Administration  were  designated  as  Educational  Directors,  and  since  that  time  the 
Publicity  Division  has  been  known  as  the  Educational  Division. 


Thirty-nine 


M  I  S  S  O  l^  RI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Mr.  Patterson  began  issuing  a  weekly  news  service  for  the  country  papers  in 
manuscript  form.  Soon  after  his  appointment,  Mr.  Bryant  changed  this  to  printed 
slips  contahiing  headlines  and  so  arranged  that  editors  could  use  the  stories  in  their 
papers  with  little  effort  on  their  part.  This  news  service  was  used  extensively  in  all 
the  country  papers  of  Missouri. 

In  addition  to  this  weekly  service  for  country  papers,  special  daily  stories  and 
features  were  sent  at  intervals  to  the  larger  daily  papers  of  the  State. 

All  the  newspapers  of  Missouri  showed  a  splendid  spirit  of  co-operation  throughout 
the  war  and  did  much  to  aid  in  the  work  of  food  conservation. 

During  the  wheat  conservation  campaign,  special  pages  were  prepared  by  the 
Educational  Division  for  the  catalogues  of  Montgomery  Ward  &  Company.  These 
catalogues  reached  some  three  million  readers,  and  proved  to  be  an  excellent  channel . 
of  publicity,  as  they  went  largely  into  the  rural  homes  where  it  was  necessary  to  get 
educational  matter.  Special  pages  were  also  prepared  for  the  premium  list  of  the 
Missouri  State  Fair.     This  premium  list  circulated  largely  in  the  country  districts. 

In  March,  the  Educational  Division  began  issuing  a  weekly  service  of  ready-to- 
print  matter.  This  service  at  first  was  sent  to  fewer  than  one  hundred  country 
papers.  This  list  was  soon  increased,  however,  until  some  four  hundred  country 
weeklies  of  Missouri  were  using  this  plate  service  every  month. 

The  publication  of  a  weekly  Food  Administration  Bulletin  was  begun  on  April 
18th.  Twenty-two  hundred  copies  of  this  Bulletin  were  issued  each  week,  and  sent 
to  County  Food  Administrators,  Deputies,  Women  Food  Chairmen,  Home 
Demonstrators,  and  other  workers  in  the  Food  Administration.  It  was  not  printed 
for  general  circulation.  It  was  devoted  primarily  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Food  Administration  and  stories  of  food  conditions  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 


Sugar  Division 

On  May  15,  1918,  it  became  necessary  to  place  a  man  on  the  staff  of  the  Missouri 
Division  to  supervise  the  rationing  of  manufacturers. 

T.  D.  Stanford,  at  that  time  clerk  of  the  Missouri  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  took  charge  of  the  work  on  the  above  date,  with  an  office  force  of  two 
stenographers  and  one  clerk.  This  temporary  organization  was  maintained  until 
July  1st,  when  dealers,  bakers,  and  public  eating  places,  in  addition  to  manufacturers, 
were  brought  under  the  rationing  plan.  It  was  then  necesssary  to  reorganize  the 
work  and  establish  a  Sugar  Division  as  a  separate  unit.     T.  D.  Stanford  continued 


Forty 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


in  charge,  with  J.  B.  Thompson,  in  charge  of  the  Baking  Division,  assisting  in  the 
administration  of  the  project.  N.  D.  Evans,  previously  with  the  Enforcement 
Division  as  Inspector,  was  transferred  to  the  Sugar  Division  as  an  assistant  about 
July  15,  1918.  W.  R.  Maxwell,  formerly  Superintendent  of  Mails  of  the  Columbia 
Post  Office,  was  appointed  assistant  in  the  Sugar  Division  on  August  26,  1918,  addi- 
tional help  being  necessary  on  account  of  the  volume  of  work. 

With  the  beginning  of  the  sugar  rationing  plan  it  was  considered  advisable  for 
the  most  efficient  working  of  the  plan  to  decentralize  the  issue  of  certificates  for 
St.  Louis  City  and  Kansas  City  and  Jackson  Countj^  to  the  Administrators  of  those 
districts. 

It  was  later  necessary  to  further  decentralize  by  permitting  the  St.  Louis  office 
to  issue  certificates  to  St.  Louis  County  classes  as  well  as  for  the  city,  and  to  have  the 
Food  Administrator  of  Buchanan  County  issue  certificates  for  that  district. 

All  of  these  branch  offices  were  responsible  to  the  Sugar  Division  at  Columbia 
and  reported  monthly  their  issue  of  certificates  to  each  class. 

The  Kansas  City  and  St.  Joseph  offices  had  a  man  supervising  the  distribution 
of  certificates,  whose  salary  was  paid  by  the  wholesalers  and  jobbers.  This 
arrangement  proved  very  satisfactory. 

Certificates  were  mailed  from  all  offices  to  approximately  21,000  dealers, 
manufacturers,  public  eating  places  and  bakers. 

During  July  the  work  was  further  complicated,  through  attempting  to  handle 
individual  requests  from  retailers  for  canning  sugar.  This  plan  proved  so  impractical 
that  it  was  abandoned  for  succeeding  months  and  allotment  for  home  canning  to 
retailers  made  in  proportion  to  their  household  sales. 

The  total  issue  of  certificates  for  the  state  during  the  month  of  July  was  15,071,107 
pounds,  including  that  issued  for  canning  and  preserving  purposes. 

The  total  issues  of  certificate  to  all  classes  for  August  was  15,296,748  pounds, 
of. which  2,000,000  pounds  was  for  home  canning. 

Issue  of  September  certificates  was  made  in  regular  manner,  all  at  one  time,  a 
total  of  17,063,983  pounds  being  allotted  to  all  classes,  including  3,000,000  pounds  for 
home  canning. 

October  certificates  were  issued  without  confusion,  the  total  issue  of  certificates 
being  17,092,196  pounds,  including  3,000,000  pounds  for  canning  and  preserving. 

In  the  issuance  of  November  certificates,  due  to  the  fact  that  the  household 
allowance  was  increased  from  two  pounds  to  three  pounds,  after  the  original  issue 
had  been  completed  a  second  issue  was  necessary.  Certificates  for  a  total  of 
18,799,874  pounds  were  issued. 


Forty-one 


MISSOURI       C  O  I'  N  C  I  L      OF      DEFENSE 


The  grand  total  of  certificates  issues  to  all  classes  for  the  months  July,  August, 
September,  October  and  November,  was  83,323,908  pounds,  or  approximately  1,389 
minimum  car  loads,  aggregating  41,562  tons. 

On  November  20th,  the  issue  of  December  certificates  was  begun  and  that  for 
manufacturers  and  retailers  had  been  completed  when  a  telegram  was  received  on 
November  30th  from  Washington,  advising  that  the  entire  certificates  plan  had 
been  rescinded,  effective  December  1st.  Consequently,  the  issuance  of  certifi- 
cates to  other  classes  was  discontinued  and  all  County  Food  Administrators  were 
advised  by  wire  of  the  abandonment  of  the  certification  plan  for  the  purchase  of 
sugar. 

The  1918  season  was  a  particularly  difficult  one  for  beekeepers,  and  early  in  the 
fall  the  Food  Administration  indicated  that  it  desired  to  furnish  sufficient  sugar  to 
beekeepers  for  feeding  their  colonies  in  order  that  they  might  be  carried  through  the 
winter. 

County  Food  Administrators  were  notified  through  the  Food  Administration 
Bulletin  that  sugar  was  available  for  that  purpose  and  that  certificates  would  be 
issued  to  beekeepers  making  application  to  the  Sugar  Division. 

One  hundred  fifty-eight  applications  from  forty-seven  counties  were  received  at 
the  Columbia  office  alone.  Sugar  to  the  amount  of  23,205  pounds  was  provided  for 
2610  colonies,  or  an  average  of  8.88  pounds  per  colony. 

Dr.  Haseman,  of  the  Entomological  Department  of  the  University,  estimates 
that  there  are  approximately  225,000  colonies  of  bees  in  the  State,  so  that  sugar  was 
supplied  to  approximately  one  per  cent  of  all  colonies.  It  is  Dr.  Haseman's  opinion 
that  this  is  a  good  showing,  indicating  that  the  beekeepers  have  taken  good  care  of 
their  bees,  weeding  out  the  weak  colonies  and  using  any  stores  on  hand,  rather  than 
that  they  neglected  to  provide  feed  for  them. 

The  saving  effected  by  the  rationing  plan  is  stated  to  be  approximately  775,000 
tons  of  1,550,000,000  pounds,  which  is  about  17,222  car  loads  of  90,000  pounds  each. 
In  other  words,  enough  sugar  to  supply  the  households  of  the  State  of  Missouri  with 
sugar  on  the  basis  of  three  pounds  per  person  per  month  for  over  twelve  years,  or  an 
army  of  2,500,000  men  with  six  pounds  per  person  per  month  for  eight  years  and  seven 
months. 

Missouri's  proportion  of  the  saving,  figured  on  the  basis  of  her  percentage  of 
total  allotment  to  all  states,  was  93,250  tons  or  46,500,000  pounds.  Missouri's  saving 
alone  would  have  supplied  an  army  of  2,500,000  men  with  six  pounds  per  person  for 
three  months  and  three  days. 


Forty-two 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


The  total  value  of  all  sugar  saved  by  the  rationing  plan,  figured  on  the  refiners' 
price  of  $9.00  per  hundred,  would  be  $139,500,000,00,  while  the  value  of  Missouri's 
saving  would  be  $4,185,000.00. 

Considering  the  State's  population  to  be  3,500,000  the  saving  per  person  during 
the  operation  of  the  certificate  plan  was  13.82  pounds  per  person.  The  average 
monthly  saving  being  2.65  pounds  per  person.  Therefore,  Missouri  contributed 
toward  winning  the  war  in  value  of  sugar  saved  23  cents  per  person  per  month  or  a 
total  of  $1.15  per  person  during  the  five  months'  period. 


County  Food  Administrators. 

Missouri. 

Name  of  County  Administrator  Address 

Adair Thos.  J.  Dockery Kirksville,  Mo. 

Adrew Mrs.  Jacob  Baum  (Acting) Savannah,  Mo. 

Atchison S.  H.  Prather Tarkio,  Mo. 

Audrain J.  C.  Strock Mexico,  Mo. 

Barry Philip  Davis Monett,  Mo. 

Barton Geo.  W.  Schreiner Lamar,  Mo. 

Bates A.  B.  Owen Butler,  Mo. 

Benton Judge  James  R.  Jones Warsaw,  Mo. 

Bollinger F.  M.  Wells Lutesville,  Mo. 

Boone Frank  B.  Rollins Columbia,  Mo. 

Buchanan Elliott  Marshall St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Butler H.  O.  Harrawood Poplar  Bluff,  Mo. 

Caldwell D.  N.  McClintock Kingston,  Mo. 

Callaway R.  G.  Hale Fulton,  Mo. 

Camden Dr.  T.  J.  Feaster Climax  Springs,  Mo. 

Cape  Girardeau.  .W.  S.  Dearmont Cape  Girardeau,  Mo. 

Carroll Newlan  Conkling CarroUton,  Mo. 

Carter Hon.  Joseph  L.  Huett Van  Buren,  Mo. 

Cass Judge  J.  F.  Kircher Harrisonville,  Mo. 

Cedar W.  N.  Pickard Eldorado  Springs,  Mo. 

Chariton S.  M.  Jordan Keytesville,  Mo. 

Christian H.  V.  Reid Ozark,  Mo. 

Clark T.  L.  Montgomery Kahoka,  Mo. 


Forty-three 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


County  Food  Administrators — Continued 
Missouri 
Name  of  County  Administrator  Address 

Clay Robert  S.  Withers Liberty,  Mo. 

Clinton J.  N.  Munsell Cameron,  Mo. 

Cole J.  Frank  Morris Jefferson  City,  Mo. 

Cooper ^. .  .Dr.  Arthur  W.  Nelson Bunceton,  Mo. 

Crawford W.  D.  Towe Cuba,  Mo. 

Dade J.  M.  Brickey Areola,  Mo. 

Dallas J.  E.  Ballard Buffalo,  Mo. 

Daviess F.  S.  Tuggle Gallatin,  Mo. 

Dekalb A.  J.  Hitt Maysville,  Mo. 

Dent Rev.  F.  M.  Baker Salem,  Mo. 

Box  175, 

Douglas M.  L.  Andrews Bryant,  Mo. 

Dunklin A.  L.  Stokes Maiden,  Mo. 

Franklin J.  L.  Bagby New  Haven,  Mo. 

Gasconade Clarence  Baxter Owensville,  Mo. 

Gentry George  Ward King  City,  Mo. 

Greene F.  A.  Leard Springfield,  Mo. 

Grundy F.  L.  Hudson Trenton,  Mo. 

Harrison E.  H.  Frisby...^ Bethany,  Mo. 

Henry Rev.  A.  N.  Lindsey Clinton,  Mo. 

Hickory S.  D.  Pope Hermitage,  Mo. 

Holt C.  D.  Zook Oregon,  Mo. 

Howard Dr.  H.  K.  Givens Fayette,  Mo. 

Howell Will  H.  Zorn .West  Plains,  Mo. 

Iron W^.  W.  Reese Ironton,  Mo. 

Jackson James  Ketner Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Jasper Scott  A.  Fones Joplin,  Mo. 

Jefferson J.  Scott  Wolff Festus,  Mo. 

Johnson A.  M.  Craig Knobnoster,  Mo. 

Knox Fred  Wolter,  Jr Knox  City,  Mo. 

Laclede A.  F.  Billings Lebanon,  Mo. 

Lafayette E.  M.  Taubman Lexington,  Mo. 

Lawrence C.  C.  Plank Aurora,  Mo. 

Lewis J.  D.  Johnson .Monticello,  Mo. 


Forty-four 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF       DEFENSE 


County  Food  Administrators — Continued 

Missouri 

Name  of  County  Administrator  Address 

Lincoln H.  F.  Childers Troy,  Mo. 

Linn George  W.  Bailey Brookfield,  Mo. 

Livingston W.  H.  Ellett Chillicothe,  Mo. 

McDonald Harley  H.  Sherman Anderson,  Mo. 

Macon Sen.  W.  C.  Goodson". Macon,  Mo. 

Madison C.  J.  Belken Mine  La  Motte,  Mo. 

Maries Geo.  E.  Cansler Vienna,  Mo. 

Marion W.  J.  A.  Meyer Hannibal,  Mo. 

Mercer Geo.  T.  Mullinax Princeton,  Mo. 

Miller H.  M.  Atwell Tuscumbia,  Mo. 

Mississippi Prof.  Geo.  W.  Kirk Charleston,  Mo. 

Moniteau Thos.  P.  Carpenter Tipton,  Mo. 

Monroe H.  D.  Craig Paris,  Mo. 

Montgomery Walter  S.  Gregory Montgomery  City,  Mo. 

Morgan Samuel  Daniels Versailles,  Mo. 

New  Madrid George  H.  Traylor New  Madrid,  Mo. 

Newton B.  H.  Caruthers Neosho,  Mo. 

Nodaway Fred  P.  Robinson Maryville,  Mo. 

Oregon W.  C.  Johnson Alton,  Mo. 

Osage R.  H.  Bryan Linn,  Mo. 

Ozark Arthur  Hutchison Gainesville,  Mo. 

Pemiscot CD.  Scott Caruthersville,  Mo. 

Perry Chas.  E.  Kiefner Perryville,  Mo. 

Pettis J.  A.  Lamy Sedalia,  Mo. 

Phelps James  A.  Spilman Rolla,  Mo. 

Pike Robert  A.  May Louisiana,  Mo. 

Platte David  A.  Chestnut Platte  City,  Mo. 

Polk Chas.  U.  Becker Bolivar,  Mo. 

Pulaski George  M.  Reed Waynesville,  Mo. 

Putnam John  C.  McKinley Unionville,  Mo. 

Ralls C.  T.  Lamb New  London,  Mo. 

Randolph E.  J.  Howard Moberly,  Mo. 

Ray W.  T.  McGaugh Richmond,  Mo. 

Reynolds M.  C.  Harrison Redford,  Mo. 


Forty-five 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFRNSIv 


County  Food  Administrators — Continued 
Missouri 

Name  of  County  Administrator  Address 

Ripley P.  J.  Burford Doniphan,  Mo. 

Saline Miss  Wyllie  Odell Marshall,  Mo. 

Schuyler Walter  A.  Higbee Lancaster,  Mo. 

Scotland J.  E.  Luther Memphis,  Mo. 

Scott W.  E.  Hollingsworth Sikeston,  Mo. 

Shannon Walter  Webb Birch  Tree,  Mo. 

Shelby W.  L.  Shouse Shelbina,  Mo. 

St.  Charles Martin  L.  Comann St.  Charles,  Mo. 

St.  Clair Prof.  C.  E.  Higgins Osceola,  Mo. 

St.  Francois J.  P.  Cayce Farmington,  Mo. 

Ste.  Genevieve..   William  C.  Boverie, Ste.  Genevieve,  Mo. 

St.  Louis  City...  .W.  F.  Gephart St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Washington  University, 

St.  Louis  County. Geo.  R.  Robinson Kirkwood,  Mo. 

Main  and  Woodlawn, 

Stoddard J.  F.  Blankenship Dexter,  Mo. 

Stone W.  D.  Craig Galena,  Mo. 

Sullivan R.  B.  Ash Milan,  Mo. 

Taney R.  C.  Ford Forsythe,  Mo. 

Texas C.  P.  Patton Cabool,  Mo. 

Vernon Chester  H.  Gray Nevada,  Mo. 

Warren Henry  HoUmann Warrenton,  Mo. 

Washington H.  C.  Bell Potosi,  Mo. 

Wayne G.  S.  Schlater Patterson,  Mo. 

Webster Seth  V.  Conrad Marshfield,  Mo. 

Worth W.  C.  Okey Grant  City,  Mo. 

Wright Rev.  Guy  Willis  Holmes Mansfield,  Mo. 


Forty -six 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Aiding  The  Draft 


Introduction 

No  feature  of  America's  participation  in  the  great  war  was  more  remarkable  in 
character  and  degree  than  in  the  improvisation  and  expansion  of  her  great  armies 
through  the  Selective  Service  Law,  more  familiarly  known  as  The  Draft. 

A  radical  departure  from  tradition,  and  opposed  by  many  who  foresaw  a  repetition 
of  the  conscript  evils  of  the  Civil  War,  the  accomplishment  of  this  vast  undertaking 
was  a  tribute  to  the  capacity  of  the  American  people  to  act  with  a  unanimity  in  an 
hour  of  National  stress.  The  formation  of  a  public  opinion  prepared  to  receive  the 
draft  was  one  of  the  most  important  tasks  assigned  to  the  Councils  of  Defense.  And 
as  the  democracy  of  the  draft  was  demonstrated  and  its  features  of  Selective  Service 
justified,  so  was  public  opinion  the  more  soundly  moulded  in  its  reception. 

In  Missouri,  the  most  cordial  relation  has  existed  between  the  Missouri  Council 
of  Defense  and  the  Selective  Service  Department  and  its  Executive  Officer,  Ivt.  Col. 
J.  H.  McCord,  in  the  various  specific  tasks  assigned  to  the  Councils  of  Defense.  The 
requests  were  made  after  due  collaboration  between  Col.  McCord  and  officers  of  the 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense. 


Farewell  to  Draft  Contingents 

September  5,  1917,  was  made  a  notable  date  in  the  history  of  Missouri,  as  it  was 
on  this  occasion  that  the  first  quota  of  Missouri  men  called  to  the  National  Army 
departed  for  the  training  camps. 

Governor  Frederick  D.  Gardner,  in  August,  issued  a  proclamation,  calling  on  all 
the  people  to  make  the  farewell  the  occasion  of  a  special  observance.  The  Missouri 
Council  of  Defense,  distributing  the  proclamation  to  the  County  Councils  of  Defense, 
declared:  "The  actual  departure  of  these  Honor  Men  constitutes  a  date  in  Missouri 
and  American  history  that  will  live  as  long  as  the  Republic.  The  Missouri  Council 
of  Defense,  therefore,  believes  it  especially  fitting  to  observe  the  day  with  appropriate 
exercises,  in  the  spirit  of  this  proclamation,  and  calls  on  the  County  Councils  of 
Defense  to  take  the  lead  in  arranging  for  the  same." 

The  instruction  letter  pointed  out  further:  "These  men,  under  the  selective 
draft  act,  are  privileged  to  go  first  in  defense  of  their  country,  under  a  plan  standard- 


Forty-seven 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


izing  and  rendering  uniform  the  conditions  of  enlistment  and  service  under  our  flag. 
They  should  be  honored  as  they  depart  to  enter  the  service. 

"Moreover,  the  occasion  of  their  departure  should  be  made  a  time  when  every 
citizen  of  the  State  should  be  brought  to  realize  that  the  hour  for  applied  service  at 
home  is  here;  and  that  with  their  going  every  tax  levy,  bond  issue,  Red  Cross  cam- 
paign or  any  war  demand,  should  now  be  the  more  eagerly  accepted  and  fulfilled." 

Reports  to  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  showed  that  this  suggestion  was 
generally  carried  out.  These  steps  prepared  the  way  for  more  elaborate  farewells 
later,  and  led  to  a  special  program  of  preparation  for  the  men  as  they  were  called  to 
the  camps.  This  subject  is  more  closely  linked  with  the  work  of  the  Legal 
Committees  and  is  treated  under  that  head. 


Inquiries  as  to  Exemptions 

The  application  of  the  Selective  Service  Law,  as  it  related  to  exemptions, 
particularly  those  relating  to  agricultural  service,  produced  a  deluge  of  inquiries. 

In  July,  1917,  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  prepared  a  bulletin,  describing 
the  section  of  the  law  relating  to  agricultural  exemptions,  particularly  setting  forth 
what  was  meant  by  "necessary  employment  in  agriculture";  and  how  and  by  whom 
affidavits  in  support  of,  or  in  opposition  to,  an  exemption  claim  should  be  filed.  A 
list  was  appended,  showing  the  formation  by  counties  of  the  five  District  Exemption 
Boards.  This  was  given  wide  distribution  among  the  Councils  of  Defense,  who 
were  urged  to  call  meetings  through  the  newspapers  of  those  interested  in  exemption 
matters  and  present  the  substance  of  the  bulletin  to  the  meeting. 

Additional  inquiries  continued  to  pour  in  and  in  September,  1917,  a  supplemen- 
tary bulletin  was  published.     In  its  preamble,  it  stated: 

"With  the  Exemption  Boards  throughout  Missouri  now  actually  engaged  in  the 
enrollment  of  the  manhood  of  the  State,  under  the  selective  draft  act,  inquiries 
continue  to  pour  into  the  headquarters  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  as  to  the 
workings  of  the  law,  particularly  in  the  matter  of  exemptions.  At  a  meeting  held 
in  Jefiferson  City  this  week,  the  members  of  the  various  district  boards  considered 
the  law  in  its  numerous  phases  to  arrive  at  a  definite  interpretation. 

"For  the  benefit  of  the  drafted  men  and  the  members  of  the  local  boards,  the 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense  has  prepared  the  following  resume  of  the  salient  points 
of  the  interpretation.  This  resume,  which  is  addressed  to  the  drafted  men,  will  at 
once  make  evident  the  seriousness  with  which  claims  for  exemption  should  be 
made." 


Forty-eight 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


This  bulletin  dealt  with  how  to  file  a  claim  for  discharge  with  the  Local  Board; 
what  the  word  "Dependent"  meant;  enumerating  persons  exempted  by  virtue  of 
office  or  employment;  how  to  appeal  to  the  District  Board  and  claim  for  discharge  on 
industrial  grounds. 


Finding  Skilled  Men  for  General  Pershing 

Attention  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  during  February  and  March,  1918, 
was  directed  toward  rendering  assistance  to  the  draft  boards  in  preparing  card  indexes 
from  the  questionnaires  of  registered  men,  in  order  to  give  Provost-Marshal-General 
Crowder  information  which  would  aid  him  in  obtaining  skilled  men  for  the  army. 
It  was  pointed  out  that  the  winning  of  our  victory  would  depend  as  much  on  these 
men  as  on  the  soldiers,  that  the  local  boards  were  overworked  and  that  outside 
assistance  must  be  found.  It  was  suggested  that  the  County  Councils  furnish  either 
the  necessary  clerks  by  providing  compensation  for  them,  or  enlisting  volunteer  help. 
An  appeal  was  made  to  the  school  teachers  and  the  response  was  gratifying.  In  a  few 
weeks,  however,  the  demand  for  skilled  workers  multiplied  so  that  it  was  necessary 
for  a  new  appeal  to  be  made  and  County  Councils  were  sent  the  following  telegram 
received  by  Colonel  J.  H.  McCord,  Executive  Officer  Selective  Service  Law,  which 
he  had  received  from  General  Crowder. 

"The  School  Teachers  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  answering  the  President's 
call,  have  completed  the  occupational  cards  for  the  30,000  registrants.  These  men 
and  women  have  worked  night  and  day,  unheralded,  and  unpaid.  Many  of  them 
were  strangers  in  the  District,  but  were  impelled  by  the  call  of  the  school  teachers 
to  the  colors.  Far  behind  the  battle  line  they  have  unconsciously  forged  the  weapons 
of  victory.  If  they  will  watch  the  results  of  their  labor  as  it  is  transformed  into  the 
army  of  American  effectiveness,  which  our  Government  will  use  in  crushing  German 
efficiency,  they  will  feel  repaid  for  their  sacrifice.  Is  it  possible  to  speed  up  the 
work  of  your  State?  A  great  organization  is  being  built  in  this  office  to  complete  the 
industrial  machine;  but  it  must  fail  if  the  school  teacher  neglects  this  chance  to  aid 
our  country.  Will  you  once  again  urge  your  country  and  city  superintendents  tc 
pursue  this  work." 

This  resulted  in  a  general  speeding  up  of  the  program.  The  work  of  the  County 
Councils  of  Defense  in  providing  this  outside  aid  for  draft  boards  was  termed  by 
Colonel  McCord  as  indispensable. 


Forty-nine 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DRFRNSK 


Draft  Delinquencies 

Rounding  up  draft  delinquents,  in  accordance  with  a  request  from  the  Provost- 
Marshal-General  that  a  general  round-up  of  all  draft  delinquents  to  be  made,  followed 
the  nation  wide  registration  for  the  men  from  18  to  46  held  on  Thursday,  September 
12th,  1918.  The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  conducted  a  campaign  of  publicity. 
The  campaign  was  divided  under  two  divisions.  First,  to  give  full  publicity  in  the 
newspapers  to  the  penalties  for  failing  to  register,  which  varied  from  immediate 
induction  in  the  military  service  to  a  term  in  prison.  Second,  to  arrange  for  a  general 
round-up  on  the  following  Monday  for  all  who  failed  to  register,  including  sick,  those 
unavoidably  prevented,  willful  draft  dodgers,  and  delinquents  of  all  classes. 

The  slogan  of  the  campaign  was  "Patriots  will  register,  other  must." 
Attributable  partly  to  this  campaign,  but  far  more  so  to  the  patriotic  wave  that 
swept  the  State  and  Nation,  Registration  Day,  like  its  predecessors,  proved  again 
the  unity  of  the  Nation  in  the  response  of  its  male  population  of  military  age  to  the 
crisis  in  hand.     The  delinquents  of  registration  were  an  inconsiderable  proportion. 


Registering  Men  of  Twenty-One 

Registration  of  young  men  who  had  attained  the  age  of  21  since  June  5,  1917,  was 
held  on  Wednesday,  June  5th,  1918,  in  accordance  with  the  Act  of  Congress. 

The  County  and  Township  Councils  of  Defense  were  called  upon  to  give  the 
widest  publicity  to  the  registration.  It  was  pointed  out  that  great  inconvenience 
would  come  to  the  young  men  who  should  register  and  fail  because  of  the  lack  of 
knowledge  of  the  regulations.  In  this  campaign  of  enlightenment  several  thousand 
copies  of  the  registration  regulations  as  provided  in  the  President's  proclamation 
were  printed  by  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  and  distributed  to  the  County  and 
Local  Councils  of  Defense. 


Fifty 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Recruiting  and  Military  Aid 


One  of  the  earliest  calls  for  action,  which  the  National  Council  of  Defense 
communicated  to  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  that  of  rendering  aid  to 
recruiting  in  the  Regular  Army.  The  County  Councils  of  Defense  of  Missouri  were 
just  getting  in  process  of  organization  when  this  order  was  received. 


Army  Recruiting 

Washington,  D.  C,  June  14,  1917. 
Mr.  F.  B.  MUMFORD,  Chairman, 

Missouri  Council  of  Defense, 

Columbia,  Missouri. 

Attention  is  called  to  recruiting  situation  of  the  Regular  Army  of  the  United 
States.  Only  two  hundred  thirty  thousand  men  have  been  recruited  out  of  full  quota 
of  three  hundred  thousand.  There  has  been  a  very  serious  falling  off  in  number  of 
recruits  which  since  registration  day  has  dropped  from  ten  thousand  per  day  to 
fourteen  hundred  throughout  the  entire  country.  The  recruiting  officer  of  your 
district  has  been  instructed  by  War  Department  to  get  in  touch  with  your  Council. 
The  Council  of  National  Defense  hereby  requests  you  to  co-operate  with  such 
officer  and  to  aid  in  every  possible  way  of  speeding  up  the  work  of  recruiting.  Promi- 
nence should  be  given  in  local  newspapers  to  campaining  for  recruits  and  the  aid 
of  speakers,  bureaus  or  other  means  of  publicity  should  be  enlisted;  particular 
attention  is  called  to  fact  that  men  between  ages  of  eighteen  and  twenty-one  and 
thirty-one  and  forty,  inclusive,  are  eligible  for  enlistment  in  regular  army  as  well  as  all 
men  who  registered  for  military  service.  Men  engaged  in  professions  or  trades 
necessary  to  prosecution  of  war  should  not  be  enlisted.  It  is  exceedingly  important 
that  the  regular  army  should  be  recruited  to  its  full  strength  with  the  least  possible 
delay  and  we  rely  upon  you  to  impress  the  public  with  the  urgency  of  the  situation. 

Please  report  progress. 

W.  S.  GIFFORD, 

Director  Council  of  National  Defense. 

This  telegram  was  sent  to  all  the  County  Chairmen,  who  were  requested  to  call 
the  Council  together  to  take  action  on  the  matter.  The  immediate  response  to 
this  request  was  highly  satisfactory  as  indicated  by  increased  enlistments  from 
every  section  of  the  State. 


Fifty -one 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OK   DEFENSE 


Aviation 

Efforts  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  to  assist  the  Government  in  its  aerial 
program  were  directed  first  toward  the  establishment  of  an  aviation  camp  in  the 
State  of  Missouri.  Through  the  Missouri  Fair  Board  the  grounds  of  the  State  Fair 
at  Sedalia  and  all  the  buildings  located  thereon  were  tendered  to  the  Government, 
and  arrangements  made  to  lease  2000  acres  adjoining.     The  offer  was  not  accepted. 

In  August,  1917,  Mr.  I.  B.  Dunlap  of  Kansas  City,  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
Council  of  Defense,  was  made  Chairman  of  the  Aviation  and  Camp  Site  Committee. 
At  the  same  time  he  was  designated  by  the  War  Department  to  receive  application 
for  commission  in  the  aviation  section  of  the  signal  corps.  Mr.  Dunlap's  office  at 
10  W.  9th  Street,  was  used  as  an  office  to  receive  applications.  All  the  County  Coun- 
cils of  Defense  were  informed  of  the  opportunity  to  enter  this  branch  of  service. 
They  were  requested  to  secure  publication  of  the  announcement  in  County 
newspapers. 

The  success  of  this  campaign  was  attested  by  the  establishment  in  Kansas  City 
of  an  aviation  examining  board  by  the  Government  in  November,  1917.  On  Novem- 
ber 22,  1917,  an  instruction  letter  was  sent  to  all  Chairmen  of  County  Councils  of 
Defense,  stating  in  part:  "The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  through  Mr.  I.  B.  Dunlap, 
Chairman  of  the  Aviation  Committee,  has  succeeded  in  locating  an  aviation  examining 
board  in  Kansas  City  where  applicants  for  this  highly  attractive  service  will  be 
examined  from  adjacent  portions  of  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Oklahoma 
and  Arkansas."  The  form  of  application,  training,  pay  and  qualification  were 
described.  The  letter  concluded  "That  the  war  will  be  won  in  the  air  is  the  theory 
held  by  many  close  students  of  the  conflict.  In  building  the  air  forces,  the  Govern- 
ment has  established  six  of  these  [examining  boards  throughout  the  country,  and 
eight  military  schools,  operating  in  connection  with  the  leading  colleges.  Many  men 
of  draft  age  in  this  community  are  certain  to  be  interested  in  this  special  branch  of 
service." 


Military  Units  in  Missouri  Colleges 

As  the  military  program  of  the  Nation  advanced  into  its  second  year,  the 
Government  decided  upon  the  establishment  of  military  organizations  in  all  colleges 
having  an  enrollment  of  one  hundred  or  more  young  men  between  the  ages  of  18  and  21. 


Fifty-two 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


The  plan  was  described  in  an  instruction  letter  sent  to  the  County  Councils  of 
Defense.  The  purpose  of  the  plan,  which  was  explained  was:  First,  to  encourage 
students  to  continue  their  college  work,  and  second,  to  provide  military  training  for 
those  under  the  draft  age.  The  County  Councils  were  asked  to  publish  the 
opportunity  widely  in  all  papers  in  the  State,  and  especially  to  urge  all  young  men 
under  the  draft  age  to  enroll  in  some  college. 


Better  Remounts  for  Army  Service 

By  resolution  adopted  by  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  in  session  in  St.  Joseph 
Missouri,  in  November,  1917,  steps  were  taken  calculated  to  affect  a  practical  and 
economical  stimulation  and  encouragement  of  "country  buying"  of  horses  and  mules 
for  the  Army.  The  resolution  as  formulated  and  forwarded  to  the  proper  State 
authorities  follows: 

RESOLVED,  That  it  is  especially  desired  by  this  Council  that  the  Department 
of  Animal  Husbandry  of  the  State  Agricultural  College  and  the  Veterinarian  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  be  requested  to  detail  such  men  as  are  necessary,  and  at 
such  times  as  they  are  called,  to  assist  the  Government  in  general  campaign  of  educa- 
tion so  that  the  farmers  and  breeders  of  this  State  may  know  the  needs,  requirements 
and  specifications  of  army  horses  and  mules,  to  the  end  that  the  State  may  better 
serve  the  Government  and  that  the  farmer  may  come  in  closer  individual  contact 
with  the  Government's  needs  and  the  breeding  and  marketing  of  the  required  type 
of  army  horses  and  mules  thereby  be  intelligently  encouraged. 

In  response  to  this  resolution  Mr.  E.  A.  Trowbridge,  Professor  of  Animal  Hus- 
bandry, was  made  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Purchase  of  War  Horses  from 
Missouri  farmers.  On  January  18th,  as  a  part  of  the  program  of  the  Missouri  Farmers* 
Week,  at  Columbia,  this  Committee,  through  Professor  Trowbridge,  carried  out  an 
inspection  of  artillery  and  cavalry  horses.  On  this  occasion  the  Quartermaster's 
Office  in  Kansas  City,  Colonel  W.  S.  Valentine  in  charge,  detailed  Captain 
H.  L.  Casey,  Lieutenant  O.  C.  Alexander,  Lieutenant  H.  L.  Ragsdale  and  Messrs. 
L.  L.  Mulvihill  and  J.  H.  Ramsey,  as  an  Inspection  Board.  The  inspection  was  held 
before  a  large  audience  of  farmers.  In  round  numbers  225  horses  and  mules  were 
brought  before  the  Board,  and  from  this  lot  a  carload  of  horses  was  selected.  $170.00 
was  the  price  paid  for  the  artillery  horses  and  $145.00  the  price  for  cavalry  horses. 


Fifty-three 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DRFKNSE 


Photographs  of  War  Activities 

In  April,  1918,  a  request  was  received  from  the  War  Plans  Division  of  the  General 
Staff  of  the  Army  to  assist  it  in  compiling  a  pictorial  history  of  the  war.  The  County 
Councils  of  Defense  were  called  on  to  make  a  voluntary  appeal  to  the  photographers 
and  newspapers  of  their  communities  to  assist  in  gathering  these  photographs,  many 
of  which  were  received  through  the  office  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  and 
forwarded  to  Washington. 

Pictures  and  photographs  desired  included  those  showing  the  departure  of  local 
troops  to  the  training  camps,  or  to  the  points  of  embarkation;  the  activities  of  local 
war  relief  societies;  including  Red  Cross  and  food  administrations;  the  arrests  of 
enemy  aliens  and  suspects;  the  destruction  of  property  attributable  to  enemy  activi- 
ties; sales  campaigns  for  government  bonds  and  war  stamps;  visits  of  foreign  officials; 
military  equipment  and  methods  of  manufacture  of  equipment;  the  drilling  of  home 
defense  organizations;  draft  scenes;  enlisting  scenes;  entertaining  of  troops  and 
photographs  of  local  commissions,  boards  and  committees  engaged  in  public  service, 
in  connection  with  the  war;  scenes  of  loyalty  gatherings. 


British  Subjects  in  Missouri 

Captain  R.  V.  Sammis,  officer  commanding  the  British-Canadian  Recruiting 
Commission  in  Kansas  City,  in  January,  1917,  called  on  the  Missouri  Council  of  De- 
fense to  assist  in  locating  British  subjects  claiming  exemption  from  draft  of  the  United 
States,  some  who  were  not  married  and  without  unusual  responsibilities.  The 
assistance  was  approved  by  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  at  its  meeting  in 
Columbia,  January  15th,  and  the  Secretary  directed  to  write  to  the  Chairman  of 
the  County  Councils  of  Defense,  instructing  them  to  make  a  list  of  the  British  subjects 
in  their  counties  who  might  enlist  in  the  army  or  navy. 

According  to  Captain  Sammis  and  Lieutenant  Cameron,  in  charge  of  the  British- 
Canadian  Recruiting  Commission  in  St.  Louis,  these  steps  resulted  in  a  material 
increase  in  recruiting  British  subjects  in  Missouri. 


FUty-fouT 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Missouri  Home  Guard 


The  Missouri  National  Guard  units  were  mustered  into  Federal  service  on 
August  5,  1917.  With  their  prospective  withdrawal  the  State  faced  a  condition  of 
defenselessness  against  any  disorder  which  might  arise  within  its  confines.  This 
condition,  with  its  grave  possibilities  in  the  stress  of  war,  was  recognized  throughout 
the  State,  and  on  the  17th  of  July,  Governor  Gardner  issued  a  proclamation  for  the 
organization  of  home  guards,  to  be  formed  on  the  plan  of  the  national  guards  and 
subject  to  service  anywhere  in  the  State,  but  not  outside  of  it. 

The  organization  of  these  bodies  of  men  not  only  constituted  an  insurance  against 
disorders  at  home,  but  was  recognized  as  a  means  of  stimulation  of  the  patriotic 
feeling  and  spirit. 


Aid  of  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 

With  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General  overburdened  with  the  numberless  calls 
incident  to  war  and  the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard,  the  formation  of  the 
Home  Guard  organizations  was  a  task  assigned  to  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 
through  its  County  Councils  of  Defense.  The  authority  for  these  organizations  was 
contained  in  the  Governor's  proclamation  which  follows: 

Whereas,  there  is  a  general  recognition  throughout  the  State  of  the 
immediate  need  of  an  adequate  home  defense  in  the  different  sections 
of  the  State,  on  account  of  the  approaching  withdrawal  on  August  5th, 
of  all  of  the  National  Guard  units  of  Missouri  into  Federal  service,  and 
Whereas,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  and  laws  of 
Missouri,  and  particularly  under  Section  8373,  Revised  Statutes  of 
Missouri,  the  Governor  is  given  the  express  power  to  "organize  and 
muster  into  the  service  such  forces  as  may  be  necessary  in  the  temporary 
absence  of  the  National  Guard."     And, 

Whereas,  it  is  necessary  that  all  units  be  organized  under  the 
immediate  direction  of  the  Governor,  now, 

Therefore,  I,  Frederick  D.  Gardner,  Governor  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  hereby  direct  the  Missouri  State  Council  of  Defense  to  at 
once  take  upon  themselves  the  immediate  organization  of  a  body  of 
men  for  home  defense  in  the  different  cities  and  sub-divisions  of  the 
State;   and  to  that  end 


Fifty -five 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF       DEFENSE 


(a)  Call  to  their  aid  all  able-bodied  men,  irrespective  of  age,  and 
not  in  contlict  with  the  draft  of  the  Federal  Government; 

(b)  Co-operate  with  County  and  City  Councils  of  Defense,  and  such 
local  auxiliary  committees  as  the  State  Council  of  Defense  may  select 
or  recognize; 

(c)  Provide  for  the  temporary  officering  by  men  recommended  to  the 
Governor  by  the  Adjutant-General  of  the  State,  who  will  select  the  best 
qualified  men  for  the  purpose,  in  consultation  with  the  Council  of  Defense 
and  the  local  committees  recognized  by  said  Council. 

(d)  This  body  for  home  defense  will  serve  as  volunteers  in  this  hour 
of  nation's  need,  without  compensation,  and  each  local  community  will 
provide  uniforms  as  may  be  needed.  It  is  expected  that  arms  and 
ammunition  will  be  provided  under  the  provisions  of  the  recent  Act  of 
Congress  approved  June  14,  1917. 

(e)  Any  citizen  contemplating  the  formation  of  a  Home  Guard  of 
any  character  should  communicate  at  once  with  the  Missouri  Council 
of  Defense  at  Jefferson  City,  and  act  in .  accordance  wtih  the  rules  of 
said  Council. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  caused  to 
be  affixed  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 

Done  at  the  City  of  Jefferson,  this  17th  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1917. 

FREDERICK  D.  GARDNER. 


Counties  Receive  Instructions 

On  July  23,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  sent  to  all  its  County  Chairmen  this 
proclamation  and  a  bulletin  instructing  them  to  take  up  the  immediate  organization 
of  Home  Guards.  They  were  urged  to  call  County  and  Township  Councils  of  Defense 
meetings  at  once  and  appoint  Committees  on  Enrollment  and  Finance.  It  was 
recommended  they  use  in  organizing  their  Home  Guards  companies  any  retired 
officers  and  honorably  discharged  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard. 

The  response  throughout  the  State  overtaxed  all  facilities.  In  three  months' 
time  it  was  estimated  more  than  twelve  thousand  persons  sought  enlistment  in  the 
Home  Guards,  the  applications  exceeding  all  limitations  of  the  Adjutant-General's 
office  for  mustering  in,  training  and  equipping  with  arms.  In  localities  where  the 
organizations  appeared  to  be  desirable  and  which  were  rounding  out  in  process  of 


Fifty-six 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


organization,  instructions  were  sent  to  maintain  their  organization  until  they  could 
be  properly  mustered  into  service. 

With  better  advantages  of  organization,  finance  and  geographical  situation,  the 
Home  Guard  organizations  in  the  cities  rose  quickly  to  a  state  of  efficiency.  Regular 
drills  were  held  in  National  Guard  Armories.  Frequently  they  participated  in 
parades  and  other  patriotic  demonstrations. 

In  May,  1918,  the  Second  Regiment  of  Kansas  City,  as  it  was  then  known,  had 
reached  a  point  in  its  efficiency  which  justified  its  induction  into  the  Federal  service. 
This  was  done  with  the  approval  of  the  War  Department,  the  organization  becoming 
the  Seventh  National  Guard  of  Missouri. 

On  January  1,  1919,  the  total  strength  of  the  Missouri  Home  Guard  was  7,529, 
consisting  of  five  regiments  of  infantry,  five  separate  battalions,  twenty-two  separate 
companies  of  infantry  and  one  troop  of  cavalry. 

The  commanding  officers  and  the  localities  of  their  organizations  were  as  follows: 
Brigade    Headquarters,    Brigadier    General    Harvey    C.    Clark,    Commanding, 

Jefferson  City,  Mo. 
First  Regiment,  Colonel  Philip  B.  Fouke,  St.  Louis. 
Second  Regiment,  Colonel  Ed.  S.  Finch,  Springfield,  Carthage,  Joplin,  Webb  City, 

Aurora,  Ash  Grove,  Fair  Grove,  Marionville. 
Third  Regiment,  Colonel  H.  Chouteau  Dyer,  St.  Louis. 

Fourth  Regiment,  Colonel  Fred  W.  Nichols,  St.  Joseph,  Maryville,  Maysville, 
Pattonsburg,   Oilman   City,   Spickard,    Powersville,   Lancaster,    Kirksville, 
Lewistown,  Durham. 
Fifth  Regiment,  Major  (Acting  Colonel)  Ewing  Cockrall,  Warrensburg,  Slater, 
Holden,    Sweet    Springs,    Boonville,    Bunceton,    Prairie    Home,    Marshall, 
Jefferson  City,  Otterville,  Tipton,  Chamois. 
First  Separate  Battalion.     St.  James,  Newburg,  Yancy  Mills,  Rolla. 
Second  Separate  Battalion,  Major  Allen  L.  Oliver.     Cape  Girardeau,  Jackson, 

Parma,  Lilbourn. 
Third  Separate  Battalion.     Downing,  Memphis,  Kahoka,  Canton. 
Fifth  Separate  Battalion,  Major  F.  Warner  Karling,  Kansas  City. 

Sixth  Separate  Battalion,  Major  Henry  N.  McCoy,  Independence,  Buckner,  Lee's 
Summit . 

Forty-fifth  Separate  Company,  Latour. 

Forty-ninth  Separate  Company,  Mt.  Vernon. 


Fifty-seven 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Fifty-second  Separate  Company,  Chillicothe. 
Fifty-third  Separate  Company,  Albany. 
Fifty-fourth  Separate  Company,  Neosho. 
Fifty-sixth  Separate  Company,     Granby. 
Fifty-seventh  Separate  Company,  Fairview. 
Sixty-first  Separate  Company,  VVillard. 
Sixty-second  Separate  Company,  New  Hampton. 
Sixty-third  Separate  Company,  Fortuna. 
Sixty-fifth  Separate  Company,  Windsor. 
Sixty-sixth  Separate  Company,  Columbia. 
Sixty-seventh  Separate  Company,  Mountain  Grove. 
Sixty-eighth  Separate  Company,  Crane. 
Sixty-ninth  Separate  Company,  Richmond. 
Seventieth  Separate  Company,  St.  Charles. 
Seventy-third  Separate  Company,  Wheaton. 
Seventy-fourth  Separate  Company,  Vandalia. 
Seventy-fifth  Separate  Company,  Kidder. 
Seventy-sixth  Separate  Company,  Ridgeway. 
Seventy-seventh  Separate  Company,  Butler. 
Seventy-eighth  Separate  Company,  Miller. 


The  Johnson  County  Drill  Plan 

Another  sphere  of  usefulness  for  the  Home  Guard  organizations  was  conceived 
in  the  summer  of  1918  by  Major  Ewing  Cockrell  of  Warrensburg,  that  of  furnishing 
preliminary  military  instruction  and  drill  for  registrants  in  Class  1  of  the  Selective 
Service  enrollment.  This  was  tried  out  in  Johnson  County.  Statistics  gathered 
showed  that  eighty  per  cent  of  the  Class  1  registrants  in  the  county  formed  a  permanent 
attendance  at  systematic  drills.  On  these  occasions,  in  addition  to  the  military 
instruction,  suggestions  covering  health  and  legal  matters  were  given  to  the  men, 
and  some  entertainment  features  carried  out.  In  this  work  the  Johnson  County 
Council  of  Defense  had  a  part. 

The  success  of  this  plan  caused  an  expansion  of  its  purpose  to  include  nine  coun- 
ties, represented  broadly  by  the  Fifth  Infantry,  Missouri  Home  Guard.  Major 
Cockrell  visited  the  counties  in  question  and  raised  among  the  officers  of  the  Home 
Guard  units  the  necessary  instructors.  The  plan  was  getting  well  under  way  when 
the  armistice  was  signed. 


Fifty -eight 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Direction  of  Home  Guards 

The  preliminary  organization  of  the  Home  Guard  units  was  under  the  direction 
of  James  H.  McCord,  Adjutant-General.  On  January  2,  1918,  Brigadier-General 
Harvey  C.  Clark  succeeded  General  McCord  as  Adjutant-General,  under  whose 
direction  the  organizations  were  completed  and  their  conduct  continued  to  the 
present  time.  Throughout,  the  County  Councils  of  Defense  continued  to  perform 
such  functions  of  assistance  as  they  were  instructed  to  give  from  time  to  time. 


Fifty-nine 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Elimination  of  Enemy  Language  and 
Influences 


The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  early  began  and  maintained  a  continued  fight  to 
eliminate  the  use  of  the  enemy  tongue  and  enemy  influences,  as  injurious  and  a 
deterrent  to  the  various  War  Fund  and  Government  Loan  Campaigns,  as  undermining 
the  civilian  morale  of  the  nation,  and  as  possessing  possibilities  of  grave  concern  to 
the  integrity  of  the  nation  at  war.  Lacking  the  fiat  of  statutory  origin  and  depending 
entirely  upon  the  good  sense  and  patriotism  of  the  people  as  a  whole  to  carry  out  its 
requests,  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  adopted  a  policy  of  appealing  for  compliance 
with  its  requests  through  voluntary  co-operation,  rather  than  invoking  compulsory 
orders . 

This  democratic  method  demonstrated  its  good  results,  eventually  bringing 
into  support  of  the  Governmental  policies  a  large  and  on  the  whole  well  disposed 
portion  of  our  people. 

At  its  meeting  in  Cape  Girardeau,  July  12,  1918,  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 
adopted  the  following  address  which  was  given  a  wide  publicity  throughout  the 
State: 

"To  the  People  of  Missouri: 

The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  heartily  approves  the  patriotic  efforts  of 
Governor  Frederick  D.  Gardner  to  abolish  the  use  of  the  German  language  in  this 
State. 

The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  is  opposed  to  the  use  of  the  German  language 
in  the  schools,  churches,  lodges  and  in  public  meetings  of  every  character.  The 
Council  believes  that  the  elimination  of  German  and  the  universal  use  of  English  at 
all  such  gatherings,  is  essential  to  the  development  of  a  true,  patriotic  sentiment 
among  all  the  people. 

The  general  adoption  of  English  by  all  patriotic  German  organizations  is  a 
national  duty  and  prompt  action  by  all  such  will  be  regarded  by  loyal  Americans 
as  the  clearest  evidence  of  loyalty  and  a  sincere  determination  to  help  and  not  hinder 
the  American  Nation  in  this  war. 

Loyal  and  zealous  Americans  should  refrain  from  violence  and  disorder  and  under 
no  circumstances,  and  no  conditions,  should  our  own  people  be  guilty  of  injustice, 
oppression  or  atrocious  conduct  toward  any  class  of  our  citizens." 


Sixty-one 


M  I  vS  S  O  II  R  I       COUNCIL      OF       D  K  F  K  N  S  E 


With  the  issuance  of  this  public  address,  there  began  to  be  received  in  the  office 
of  the  State  Council  a  number  of  voluntary  acceptances  to  the  request,  coming  from 
churches  and  parochial  institutions  maintained  by  congregations  where  worship  was 
maintained  principally  in  the  German  tongue.  This  continued  for  several  months, 
there  seemingly  being  a  friendly  rivalry  between  congregations  of  diverse  faith  for 
the  substitution  of  English  as  the  language  of  worship.  Occasionally  the  use  of  the 
German  tongue  was  retained  for  the  confession,  or  as  the  language  of  communication 
for  the  pastor  and  older  members  of  the  congregation. 


German  Newspapers 

In  June,  1918,  in  response  to  a  request  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  the 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense  conducted  a  survey  of  the  German  language  newspapers 
in  Missouri,  as  to  number,  record  of  loyalty  and  willingness  to  co-operate  with 
Government  war  campaigns.  It  was  the  view  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense 
that  the  foreign  language  newspapers  of  the  country  were  at  the  time,  except  in  the 
most  isolated  instances,  in  spirit  patriotic  and  loyal. 

The  conference  of  these  papers  was  held  in  St.  Louis,  June  26th.  The  conference 
developed  that  since  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  German  language  newspapers  had 
decreased  in  number  from  fifteen  to  ten,  that  several  of  them  were  printing  half 
English,  and  that  others  were  preparing  to  cease  publication  or  printing  exclusively 
in  the  English  language.  They  reported  a  unanimous  willingness  to  co-operate  with 
the  Government.  A  record  of  the  survey  was  made  to  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 
and  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Information  as  requested. 


Halting  German  Over  Telephone  Lines 

Two  Missouri  Counties,  Cass  and  Linn,  through  their  Councils  of  Defense, 
prohibited  the  use  of  the  German  tongue  over  telephones.  An  order  was  transmitted 
to  the  telephone  lines  operating  in  the  counties,  and  given  publicity  in  the  newspapers. 


Suppressing  Disloyalty 

The  spread  of  enemy  influences  was  by  no  means  confined  to  the  enemy  tongue. 
One  of  the  early  undertakings  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  was  that  of  suppressing 
disloyal  criticism  of  the  Government,  and  to  suppress  in  their  incipiency  all  disloyal 


Sixty-two 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


activities.  Each  County  Council  of  Defense  was  instructed  to  form  a  Committee  on 
Disloyal  Activities.  In  many  counties  the  vigilance  of  the  Chairman  served  to 
perform  the  functions  of  this  Committee. 

In  Henry  County  a  plan  of  suppression  of  disloyalty  was  put  into  operation  which 
served  as  a  model  in  Missouri  and  received  favorable  mention  from  Federal  authorities 
at  Washington. 


Disloyal  Investigations 

Hundreds  of  reports  of  alleged  disloyal  activities  were  made  by  County  Chairmen 
to  the  State  headquarters  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense.  The  General  practice 
was  followed  of  certifying  statements,  together  with  all  information  obtainable  to 
the  Federal  authorities  at  Kansas  City  and  St.  Louis.  A  large  number  of  these 
investigations  revealed  that  the  offenders  were  guilty  of  impatriotic  remarks  or 
actions,  but  were  within  the  law.  Where  circumstances  warranted,  investigations 
were  made  by  an  investigator  sent  from  the  Jefferson  City  headquarters. 


Confidential  Character  of  Council  Activities 

It  must  be  remembered  that  a  material  part  of  the  work  which  has  been  done  by 
the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  throughout  the  war  is  of  a  confidential  nature.  It  is 
not  proper  that  some  of  these  activities  be  given  publicity  in  a  report  of  this  kind 
since  a  record  of  these  activities  would  involve  printing  the  names  of  many  citizens 
of  this  State.  Throughout  the  existence  of  the  Council  it  has  been  our  uniform  policy 
to  handle  with  patience  persons  in  the  State  who  have  been  guilty  of  disloyal 
utterances  or  of  activities  closely  bordering  upon  a  violation  of  the  Espionage  Act. 
It  has,  however,  also  been  the  policy  of  the  Council  to  carry  through  all  investiga- 
tions of  such  disloyalty  with  a  view  to  rendering  impartial  justice  in  every  case. 

All  the  files  and  records  of  the  Council  of  Defense  have  been  officially  transferred 
to  the  Missouri  State  Historical  Society.  These  records  are  public  property  and 
may  be  consulted  at  any  time  in  the  future. 


Sixty-three 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Speaking  Activities 


No  activity  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  yielded  more  tangible  results 
than  the  sustained  campaign  to  carry  the  message  of  the  Government  and  State  by 
the  spoken  word. 

The  speaking  activities  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  may  be  broadly  divided 
under  the  head  of  the  Speakers'  Bureau  of  the  State  Council  and  of  the  various 
counties,  and  of  the  Four-Minute  Men.  The  work  of  the  latter  body  was  particularly 
effective  in  the  cities  and  larger  towns.  The  Speakers'  Bureau,  directing  the  various 
County  Speakers'  Bureaus,  performed  an  indispensable  task  in  conducting  our  people 
through  the  successive  stages  of  education  as  to  why  we  were  at  war  and  how  and 
why  the  individual  could  best  serve  and  contribute  to  the  winning  of  the  final  victory. 


The  Patriotic  Speakers*  Bureau 

The  Patriotic  Speakers'  Bureau  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  formed 
in  August,  1917,  the  first  Speakers' Committee  consisting  of  C.  F.  End ght,  Jefferson 
City;  Edwin  C.  Meservey,  Kansas  City;  E.  M.  Grossman,  St.  Louis;  W.  P.  Kimberlin, 
Sedalia;  Cowgill  Blair,  Oronogo;  and  Sydney  J.  Roy,  Hannibal. 

The  purpose  of  the  Speakers'  Bureau  was  to  mobilize  public  opinion  and  stimulate 
patriotic  service  by  the  people  of  Missouri.  It  endeavored  to  do  this  by  increasing 
the  interest  of  the  citizens  in  the  appeals  of  the  Government,  both  federal  and  state, 
and  by  official  and  semi-official  organizations  for  support  of  specific  war  service. 

Speakers'  Bureaus  were  shortly  organized  in  over  seventy  counties,  listing 
speakers  from  townships  and  three  or  four  from  the  larger  towns.  The  Chairman  of 
the  County  Bureau  directed  the  national  speakers  and  also  had  charge  of  patriotic 
slides,  posters  and  publicity.  Since  the  establishment  of  this  Bureau  in  August, 
1917,  300  speakers  filled  2,000  engagements,  addressing  a  million  people. 

Valuable  assistance  was  given  the  Speakers'  Bureau  by  the  Speaking  Division 
of  the  Committee  on  Public  Information  at  Washington.  Of  the  total  number  of 
out-of-state  speakers  used  during  the  operation  of  the  Bureau,  forty-two  were  obtained 
from  the  Committee  on  Public  Information.  Most  of  the  speakers  thus  secured 
came  from  a  selected  group  of  speakers,  and  many  of  them  had  unusual  advantages 
for  the  observation  of  war  conditions  in  Europe. 


Sixty -five 


MISSOITRI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


The  State  Council  co-operated  with  the  organizations  engaged  in  the  following 
speaking  campaigns:  Liberty  Loan,  War  Saving  Stamps,  Red  Cross,  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
K.  of  C,  War  Camp  Community  Service,  Salvation  Army,  Jewish  Relief  Society, 
Friends  of  German  Democracy  and  other  patriotic  institutions  including  many  of 
which  are  local  in  character. 

The  Bureau  furnished  speakers  for  County  Councils  of  Defense,  Chambers  of 
Commerce,  Lodges,  Clubs,  Churches,  Schools,  Fraternities,  Fairs,  County  Institutes, 
Labor  Unions,  Chautauquas,  Food  Meetings,  State  Conference  for  Social  Welfare, 
Packing  Houses,  Factory  Patriotic  Clubs  and  many  other  organizations  that  aided 
in  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  war. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Patriotic  Speakers'  Bureau  sent  National  and  State 
literature  to  the  three  hundred  State  Speakers. 


Principal  Speakers  Who  Made  Addresses  in  Missouri  Under  the  Direction 
of  the  Speakers*  Bureau,  State  Council  of  Defense 

Speaker  Representing 

Lieut.  Paul  Perigord,  of  the  French  Army Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Crawford  Vaughn,  ex-Premier  of  Australia Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Lieut.  Hector  MacQuarrie,  British  Army Committee  on  Public  Information, 

Dr.  Mitchell  Carroll,  President  American 

Archaeological  College Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Mrs.  Martha  Nelson  McCan,  Lecturer Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Comtesse  Madeline  De  Bryas,  Lecturer Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Mrs.  Burnett  Smith,  Lecturer Committee  on  Public  Information, 

Henry  Reisenberg Committee  on  Public  Information, 

Lieut.  Robert  B agues.  Member  French  High 

Commission Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Brigadier-General  Lee,  British  Army Committee  on  Public  Information. 

H.  C.  Culbertson Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Major  Carson  McCormick Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Dr.  Hugh  Birchead Committee  on  Public  Information. 

R.  C.  Hasserich Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Arthur  Bestor,  Director  Speaking  Division Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Corporal  George  Barnes Pershing's  Army. 

Corporal  Harry  Harrison Pershing's  Army. 


Sixty -six 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF       DEFENSE 


Speaker  Representing 

Corporal  Barney  E.  Pogue Pershing's  Army. 

Corporal  Louis  Blythe Pershing's  Army. 

Lord  Dunmore,  English  Embassy. 
Ex-Governor  Eberhard  of  Minnesota. 
Madame  Guerin. 

Bruce  Kennedy Food  Administration. 

J.  H.  Hallowell Food  Administration. 

Clara  Steichen Food  Administration. 

Edward  Trefz Food  Administration. 

Don  Fansworth Food  Administration. 

Mrs.  William  Qgden  Wade Food  Administration. 

Colonel  Wardlaw  Milne,  British  Vice  Council. 

Prof.  Bertram  G.  Nelson,  Professor  of  English  and  Public 

Speaking Chicago  University. 

Rev.  W.  C.  Bitting,  Pastor  Second  Baptist  Church,  St.  Louis St.  Louis. 

Rev.  John  J.  Glennon,  Archbishop  of  St.  Louis St.  Louis. 

Rev.  E.  V.  Ghidoni,  Italian  Army Missouri  Council  of  Defense. 

Sir  Frederick  H.  Smith,  Attorney  General  of 

England Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Dr.  George  E.  Vincent,  Head  of  the  Rockefeller 

Foundation Committee  on  Public  Information. 

Hon.  Gurney  E.  Newlin,  Representative  of  Council  of  National 

Defense  and  U.  S.  Shipping  Board Washington,  D.  C. 

Hon.  Frederick  D.  Gardner,  Governor Missouri  Council  of  Defense 

Dr.  Mitchell  Carroll Food  Administration. 

Mrs.  Vernon  Kellogg Food  Administration. 

Hon.  Wallace  Crossley Missouri  Fuel  Administration. 

,-Sergeant  Wolff Canadian    Army, 

^^rivate  Frank  Woodgate Canadian    Army. 


Four-Minute  Men 

The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  financed  the  organization  of  the  Four-Minute- 
Men  and  worked  in  co-operation  with  the  State  Director  in  extending  the  organization 
throughout  the  State,  giving  its  moral  support  and  such  practical  aid  in  the  selection 
of  personnel  of  the  members  as  its  local  organization  could  furnish. 


Sixty-seven 


MISSOITRI       COUNCIL      OF       DEFENSE 


Ten  patriotic  citizens  of  the  State  guaranteed  the  expenses  of  the  Four-Minute- 
Men  organization  to  a  maximum  of  $10,000.00  and  their  aid  thus  freely  given,  according 
to  a  report  of  the  Four-Minute-Men,  was  a  not  insignificant  factor  of  the  work.  The 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense  by  appropriations  of  funds  eventually  relieved  these 
guarantors'  liability. 

The  plan  of  the  Four-Minute  work  originated  in  Chicago.  It  was  the  original 
idea  of  Mr.  Donald  M.  Ryerson,  who  was  also  the  first  National  Director.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  William  McCormack  Blair  and  under  his  direction  the  bulk 
of  the  organizing  work  was  done.  The  present  National  Director  is  Mr.  William  H. 
Ingersoll.  The  work  in  Missouri  and  several  neighboring  states  has  been  in  direct 
charge  of  Associate  National  Director,  T.  J.  Meek.  The  State  organization  was  in 
its  beginning  placed  in  charge  of  Mr.  E.  M.  Grossman  of  St.  Louis,  to  whose  wise 
guidance,  the  organization  in  its  infancy  is  greatly  indebted.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  L.  L.  Leonard,  who  completed  the  State  organization,  sustained  its  energies 
and  directed  its  forces  until  final  dissolution  on  January  20th. 

The  work  of  the  Four-Minute-Men  was  divided  into  three  departments: 

First:  The  work  of  the  Four-Minute-Men  was  incessant  and  continuous.  They 
worked  fifty-two  weeks  in  a  year.  At  varying  intervals,  they  would  receive  their 
bulletins  from  Washington  Headquarters,  through  the  State  headquarters,  containing 
a  wealth  of  material  on  a  particular  Message  that  the  Administration  desired  to 
reach  the  ears  of  the  people. 

The  Four-Minute-Men  organization  originally  operated  in  moving-picture  shows 
alone,  to  rouse  the  audiences  to  the  necessity  of  making  sacrifices  for  their  country 
in  this  war.  In  the  moving-picture  field,  of  course,  the  work  was  necessarily  limited, 
but  the  tremendous  results  obtained  in  that  field  caused  national  headquarters  to 
instruct  that  the  work  be  expanded  so  that  every  ready-made  audiences  in  the  nation 
should  receive  the  Messages,  and  day  after  day,  these  devoted  men  and  women 
carried  the  inspirational  Message  of  the  Government  into  all  gatherings  of  the  people 
of  their  communities,  preaching  Americanism,  teaching  patriotism  and  rousing  the 
people  to  the  defense  of  the  nation  in  its  hour  of  need. 

Second:  A  Speakers'  Bureau  was  maintained  and  speakers  furnished  on  patriotic 
subjects  to  all  meetings  wherever  requested.  These  speeches  were  on  general 
patriotic  lines  and  entirely  independent  of  the  routine  work  of  delivering  the  Govern- 
ment's Messages. 

Third:  The  Four-Minute-Men  were  charged  with  the  duty  of  the  patriotic 
inspiration  of  the  people  of  their  communities.  Thus  the  "Four-Minute-Men" 
Singers  were  organized  throughout  the  state  as  one  branch  of  this  inspirational  work 


Sixty-ei^ht 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


and  too  much  praise  cannot  be  given  to  them.  The  inspiration  of  the  spoken  word 
was  fortified  by  the  inspiration  derived  from  the  appeal  to  the  emotions  made  by 
song.  In  every  manner  possible,  the  Four-Minute-Men  aroused  the  patriotic  enthu- 
siasm of  the  people  and  kept  before  them  a  keen  appreciation  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
struggle  in  which  we  were  engaged. 

At  the  date  of  the  signing  of  the  Armistice,  namely  November  11th,  1918,  there 
were  approximately  70,000  speakers  in  the  United  States,  addressing  a  daily  audience 
of  approxmiately  7,000,000  people.  In  the  State  of  Missouri,  the  Four-Minute-Men 
organization  numbered  nearly  4,000  patriotic  men  and  women.  There  were  approxi- 
mately 3,000  speakers  and  singers,  working  under  the  guidance  of  approximately  700 
chairmen. 


Sixty -nine 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Legal  Committees 


In  the  spring  of  1918,  as  the  great  machine  of  the  draft  was  completing  its  first 
program,  with  two  million  men  under  arms  and  with  the  prospects  of  millions  more 
to  be  called  into  service,  the  need  for  mobilizing  the  legal  profession  to  give  free 
legal  advice  to  the  men  in  the  service  and  their  families  became  a  necessity. 

In  compliance  with  a  request  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  suggesting 
the  formation  of  a  State  Legal  Committee  and  the  formation  of  County  Legal  Com- 
mittees in  all  Counties,  Chairman  Frederick  B.  Mumford  of  the  Missouri  Council  of 
Defense  named  the  following  State  Legal  Committee: 

Hon.  Frank  W.  McAllister,  Jefferson  City,  Chairman, 

Hon.  Peyton  A.  Parks,  Clinton, 

Hon.  A.  Stanford  Lyon,  Kansas  City, 

Judge  Howard  Gray,  Carthage, 

Hon.  Morton  Jourdan,  St.  Louis, 

Hon.  Ben.  J.  Woodson,  St.  Joseph, 

Hon.  N.  A.  Mozley,  Dexter. 
The  Committee  met  to  organize  at  the  Planters  Hotel  in  St.  Louis  at  ten  o'clock, 
Monday,  April  15th,  1918,  the  entire  Committee  being  present.     The  duties  of  the 
County  Legal  Committee  were  briefly  summarized  by  Chairman  McAllister,   as 
follows : 

1.  To  explain  the  selective  service  law  to  drafted  men. 

2.  To  give  legal  advice  as  to  the  benefits  of  war  risk  insurance,  allotment  of 
soldiers'  and  sailors'  pay  by  the  Federal  Government,  government  family  allowance, 
the  soldiers'  and  sailors'  civil  rights  act  just  passed,  and  other  war  emergency  laws, 
both  state  and  federal,  passed  or  which  might  be  enacted.  The  Committee  should 
also  assist  in  drawing  up  the  papers  necessary  to  be  filed  to  claim  the  benefits  of  the 
foregoing  laws. 

3.  To  draft  wills  and  attend  to  the  caring  for  the  property  and  settling  the 
business  affairs  of  men  entering  the  service. 

4.  To  represent  soldiers  and  sailors  in  court  where  necessary  and  obtain  for 
them  the  benefits  of  the  civil  rights  act. 

5.  To  arrange  to  attend  to  such  business  matters  as  require  and  are  capable  of 
attention  in  the  absence  of  men  in  the  service. 

6.  Report  to  the  Home  Service  Section  of  the  Red  Cross  cases  requiring  relief 
which  come  to  the  attention  of  the  committee. 


Seventy-one 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


In  establishing  these  County  Committees  it  was  decided  that  the  State  Legal 
Committee  should  name  a  County  Chairman  in  each  County,  who,  upon  receiving 
notice  of  appointment,  should  select  two  other  members  of  the  bar  as  his  associates, 
the  three  constituting  the  County  Legal  Committee. 

It  was  suggested  that  as  soon  as  possible  the  Chairman  should  call  a  meeting  of 
the  members  of  the  bar  of  the  county  and  ascertain  the  names  of  all  who  were  willing 
to  render  voluntary  service  under  the  direction  of  the  Committee. 

On  this  occasion  the  State  Legal  Committee  laid  stress  on  the  fact  that  no  member 
of  the  Committee,  or  any  of  the  volunteers  working  under  it,  should  charge  or  accept 
any  fee  or  compensation  for  any  services  rendered.  The  Committee  then  made 
their  nominations  of  County  Chairmen  in  the  counties,  and  adjourned. 

The  response  to  the  call  was  remarkable.  In  a  week's  time  county  organizations 
had  been  effected  in  70  counties,  and  in  a  month,  more  than  100  counties  had  completed 
their  organization.  In  several  counties  the  Circuit  Judge  called  the  entire  bar 
before  him  and  made  of  the  plan  a  record  of  the  court. 


Distribution  of  Laws  and  Literature 

As  rapidly  as  the  County  Legal  Committees  were  formed  there  was  distributed 
to  them  from  the  office  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  a  large  amount  of  literature 
and  printed  matter  describing  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Civil  Rights  Act,  the  plan 
of  allotments  and  of  soldiers'  insurance,  these  measures  being  of  primary  importance 
to  the  soldier  and  his  relatives. 

The  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Civil  Rights  Act  was  passed  to  protect  the  soldier 
against  unfair  law  suits  and  foreclosure  of  mortgages  and  to  enable  lawyers  and 
judges  to  represent  him  and  defend  his  rights  in  his  absence.  As  each  case  was 
individual  in  itself,  every  soldier  was  urged  to  see  a  lawyer  before  departing  for  camp 
and  with  his  aid  apply  the  benefits  of  these  two  measures  to  the  best  advantage. 

Because  of  their  recent  passage  there  was  a  tremendous  demand  for  these  measures 
from  the  lawyers  of  the  State,  and  about  5,000  copies  were  distributed. 


Farewells  for  Drafted  Men 

In  July,  1918,  a  plan  was  initiated  and  put  into  effect  through  the  County  Councils 
of  Defense,  working  usually  in  co-operation  with  the  local  draft  board,  whereby  each 


Seventy-two 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


draft  contingent  was  given  a  program  of  farewell  on  departure.  The  plan  included  a 
short  talk  to  the  men  from  a  lawyer,  a  doctor  and  a  military  man.  The  purpose 
being  to  send  the  soldier  away  to  camp  in  good  spirits  and  high  resolve. 

It  was  contended  that  to  fight  well  a  man  must  be  free  from  worry,  and  that  he 
could  not  be  free  from  worry  unless  he  knew  his  business  and  financial  affairs  were 
taken  care  of. 


Co-operation  With  the  Red  Cross 

Immediately  on  being  organized,  the  County  Legal  Committees  were  instructed 
to  maintain  a  close  co-operation  with  the  Home  Service  Section  of  the  various  Red 
Cross  Chapters.  The  Red  Cross  Chapters  were  instructed  to  report  all  cases  requir- 
ing legal  relief  or  attention  to  a  member  of  the  County  Legal  Committee.  This 
co-operation  was  maintained  throughout. 

With  the  dissolution  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  on  January  10th,  a  request 
was  made  by  the  Southwestern  Division,  American  Red  Cross,  that  these  Committees 
be  continued  under  the  direction  of  the  Red  Cross. 


Seventy-three 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 

'  Woman^s  Committee,  Council  of  National 
Defense,  Missouri  Division 


At  the  request  of  the  Woman's  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense,  also  upon 
the  invitation  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  Mrs.  Philip  N.  Moore,  a  member  of  the 
National  Woman's  Committee  on  May  28,  1917,  called  a  meeting  of  the  Presidents 
of  all  the  State  organizations  of  Women  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the  Missouri 
Woman's  Committee.  Thirty-seven  organizations  were  represented  at  this  meeting. 
Mrs.  Moore  acted  as  temporary  chairman  and  explained  the  purpose  of  the  organiza- 
tion. Mr.  M  L.  Wilkinson,  representing  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  pledged 
the  support  of  that  body.  Mrs.  B.  F.  Bush  was  elected  permanent  chairman  and 
Miss  Elizabeth  Cueny,  executive  secretary,  the  latter  serving  until  August  when  she 
was  succeeded  by  Mrs.  Olive  B.  Swan. 

The  Departments  in  which  this  work  was  subdivided  are:  Organization, 
Finance,  Registration,  Courses  of  Instruction,  Health  and  Recreation,  Food 
Production,  Food  Administration,  Americanization,  Speakers,  Patriotic  Education, 
Women  in  Industry,  Liberty  Loan,  Red  Cross,  Child  Welfare,  Maintenance  of  Existing 
Social  Agencies,  Eleemosynary  and  Punitive  Institutions,  Community  Singing, 
Publicity. 

Organization — The  State  was  organized  into  eleven  districts,  each  presided  over 
by  a  Vice  Chairman,  the  organization  then  extending  to  the  Counties  and  Towns. 
With  the  exception  of  one  county,  Osage,  an  organization  was  perfected  in  each 
county,  there  being  710  town  organizations,  237  township  organizations,  and  137 
school  district  organizations  or  community  councils  at  present  time.  In  September 
1917,  the  State  Chairmen  of  the  Woman's  Committee  was  appointed  by  the  Governor 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  Defense  and  the  County  and  township  Chairmen  were 
appointed  members  of  corresponding  councils  of  Defense  by  the  Chairman  of  the  State 
Council  of  Defense. 

Finance — The  work  of  the  Woman's  Committee  was  financed  by  voluntary 
subscriptions  and  appropriations  made  by  the  Council  of  Defense.     In  September, 

1917,  the  Council  of  Defense  made  an  appropriation  of  $2, 800.00  to  this  work  in  January, 

1918,  an  appropriation  of  $300.00  a  month,  which  was  continued  up  to  the  time  of  their 
disorganization,  at  which  time  an  additional  appropriation  of  $1,500.00  was  made  to 
enable  the  Woman's  Committee  to  wind  up  its  work  in  a  satisfactory  manner. 


Seventy-five 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Registration — July  28th  was  proclaimed  by  the  Governor  as  Registration  "Day 
for  Women  and  on  that  day  118,496  women  registered  for  service.  Since  that  date 
12,294  additional  registrations  have  been  received. 

Courses  of  Instruction — Intensive  courses  were  inaugurated  in  stenography, 
accounting,  bookkeeping,  telegraphy,  filing,  salesmanship  and  the  use  of  Office 
Appliances  and  many  young  women  fitted  to  accept  positions  vacated  by  reason  of  the 
draft.  Surveys  were  made  of  industrial  conditions  in  order  to  know  where  women 
could  replace  men  in  cases  of  necessity  and  many  women  were  so  placed.  On 
December  2nd,  1918,  a  School  in  Occupational  Therapy  was  opened  in  St.  Louis  to 
train  women  as  teachers  in  this  now  important  work. 

Health  and  Recreation — Grab  Bags  containing  toilet  necessities,  smokes,  post 
cards,  etc.,  were  prepared  in  many  counties  and  when  trains  carrying  soldiers  stopped 
at  junction  points  these  bags  were  passed  through  the  cars  and  provided  entertainment 
as  well  as  proved  useful.  Where  any  number  of  men  were  leaving  at  one  time  for  a 
given  point,  the  women  provided  a  farewell  dinner  for  them.  During  the  entire  time 
Jefferson  Barracks  was  used  as  an  assembling  or  distributing  post,  this  Department 
provided  entertainments  twice  a  week  and  on  Saturday  afternoons  women  went 
there  for  the  purpose  of  mending,  darning,  etc.  These  afternoons  were  very  popular 
as  it  made  possible  the  talking  over  of  their  affairs  with  an  older  woman,  this  often 
being  the  thing  they  desired  most  of  all.  It  was  at  Jefferson  Barracks  that  the  first 
Community  Sing  was  [held  under  the  auspices  of  this  Department,  long  before  the 
Department  for  Community  Singing  was  called  into  being.  54,000  blanks  have  been 
circulated,  upon  which  records  of  Missouri  men  in  service  are  to  be  filled  in. 

Food — The  Directors  of  the  Department  of  Food  in  the  various  counties  of  the 
State  were  appointed  Assistant  Food  Administrators  for  their  counties  and  in  this 
position  assisted  materially  in  carrying  out  the  plans  of  the  Federal  Food  Administra- 
tion. The  State  Agricultural  Extension  Directors  and  also  the  Food  Demonstrators 
sent  out  by  the  University  of  Missouri  say  that  the  Woman's  Committee  had  been 
invaluable  in  arousing  interest  for  the  work  throughout  the  State. 

Americanization — In  thirteen  counties  in  the  State  Americanization  work  is 
being  done  under  the  auspices  of  the  Woman's  Committee  and  in  all  the  large  cities 
classes  are  being  held. 

Speakers — A  Speakers'  Bureau  was  organized  composed  of  83  women.  A  number 
of  these  women  were  available  for  use  anywhere  in  the  State  that  they  might  be  sent. 
Some  of  them  could  only  be  used  in  their  immediate  locality.  Outline  speeches  were 
prepared  on  vital  subjects  by  the  Director  of  this  Department  and  sent  at  intervals 


Seventy-six 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


to  these  speakers.  Once  a  month  the  Executive  Board  held  a  meeting  at  some  point 
in  the  State  other  than  St.  Louis  and  at  this  time  mass  meetings  were  held  and  speeches 
made  on  the  subjects  which  were  most  vital  at  the  time. 

Patriotic  Education — The  Department  of  Patriotic  Education  compiled  outlines 
for  club  study  which  were  distributed  and  are  very  generally  used  by  the  women 
throughout  the  State,  presented  to  the  Department  of  Child  Welfare,  "The  Mother 
Goose  Rhymes  in  War  Times,"  and  a  pageant,  "The  Bugle  Calls  the  Children"  to 
carry  the  message  of  "Children's  Year."  In  this  Department  splendid  assistance 
was  rendered  by  the  Department  of  Art  of  the  University  of  Missouri  in  preparing 
posters  on  which  talks  were  given  on  all  subjects  pertaining  to  the  war  throughout 
the  State.  The  biggest  and  most  important  undertaking  of  the  Department  of 
Patriotic  Education  was  the  production  of  the  patriotic  pageant,  "The  Progress  of 
Liberty,"  teaching  the  reasons  why  this  country  was  in  the  war  and  the  benefits 
to  be  gained  from  the  successful  termination  thereof.  This  pageant  was  produced 
in  16  towns  and  witnessed  by  12,000  people.  The  admission  charge  was  very  small, 
enabling  everyone  to  witness  this  production.  One-half  the  net  proceeds  were  given 
to  the  Red  Cross,  $3,166.58  having  been  turned  over  to  them  in  ten  months'  time. 

Women  in  Industry — The  Directors  of  Women  in  Industry  kept  in  touch  with 
industrial  conditions  and  supplied  the  public  with  data.  Investigations  developed 
there  were  no  abnormal  situations  in  Missouri  in  the  employment  of  women.  The 
only  serious  situation  it  developed  during  the  year  was  the  laundry  strike  in  Kansas 
City,  at  which  time  the  Woman's  Committee  acted  as  mediators. 

Liberty  Loan — The  State  Chairman  of  the  Woman's  Committee  for  Liberty  Loan 
was  appointed  by  the  National  Loan  Committee  as  the  State  Chairman  for  Liberty 
Loan  of  that  organization  and  her  committee  in  the  State  was  formed  of  the  Woman's 
Committee  representatives  almost  entirely. 

Child  Welfare— The  Children's  Bureau  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Labor 
turned  over  to  the  Child  Welfare  Department  of  the  Woman's  Committee  the  entire 
plans  for  "Children's  Year"  and  effort  was  made  to  weigh  and  measure  each  child 
in  the  State  of  Missouri  under  5  years  of  age.  Physical  efficiency  tests  were  held. 
By  these  means  abnormalities  have  been  detected  and  in  many  cases  corrected. 
While  most  of  the  other  states  had  funds  to  conduct  this  work,  Illinois  having  as 
much  as  $75,000.00,  Missouri  had  no  appropriation  and  the  work  has  been  carried 
on  by  purely  voluntary  assistance.  At  present  this  Department  is  engaged  in  a  "Back- 
to-School  Drive."  One  of  the  most  important  results  obtained  has  been  the  securing 
of  11  community  nurses  in  the  State. 


Seven  ty -seven 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DRFKNSK 


Eleemosynary  and  Punitive  Institutions— The  Director  of  Eleemosynary  and 
Punitive  Institutions  has  seen  to  it  that  all  of  these  institutions  in  the  State  have 
been  engaged  in  war  work,  very  splendid  results  being  attained  in  food  production 
and  conservation  and  in  Red  Cross  knitting.  They,  too,  bought  their  share  of  Liberty 
Bonds,  the  inmates  saving  the  money  from  small  gifts  made  to  them. 

News  Letter — Each  month  an  Exchange  Bulletin  has  been  issued  from  the  State 
Office  and  has  proved  of  very  great  help  as  well  as  interest  to  the  women  through 
the  entire  State.  Articles  have  been  prepared  for  the  "Missouri  Woman"  and 
"Missouri  on  Guard." 

Publicity — The  Department  of  Publicity  established  friendly  relations  with 
all  the  newspapers  of  the  State  and  has  each  week  sent  articles  to  be  published  therein. 
With  the  assistance  of  leading  physicians,  12  lessons  were  compiled  on  the  care  of 
children;  plates  were  made  and  published  in  600  newspapers.  These  lessons  were 
arranged  in  pamphlet  form  and  have  been  distributed  throughout  the  State.  In 
addition  to  this,  a  playlet  and  chart,  together  with  a  lecture  on  the  care  of  the  teeth 
has  been  distributed  to  each  school  district  in  the  State. 

Community  Singing — Although  this  is  a  new  department,  having  been  in  existence 
only  six  months,  the  Director  has  met  with  enthusiastic  response,  community  choruses 
have  been  organized  in  eighty-eight  counties. 

Colored  Women — The  colored  women  in  all  the  large  towns  throughout  the 
State  have  worked  splendidly  along  all  lines  and  their  work  is  included  in  the  report 
above. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

MRS.  B.  F.  BUSH,  Chairman. 
MRS.  OLIVE  B.  SWAN,  Exec.  Secy. 


Seventy -ei^h  t 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Transportation 


Recognizing  the  national  value  of  our  highways  in  relation  to,  and  properly 
co-ordinated  with,  other  existing  transportation  mediums,  and  more  particularly 
the  necessity  for  their  immediate  development,  in  order  that  they  might  carry  their 
share  of  the  war  burden,  the  Highways  Transport  Committee  of  the  Council  of 
National  Defense  was  organized.  Co-operartion  was  extended  by  the  Missouri  State 
Council  of  Defense,  and  the  Missouri  Division  of  the  Highways  Transport  Com- 
mittee was  created. 

The  object  of  the  committee  was  to  assist  in  making  the  most  effective  use  of 
the  highways  as  a  means  of  strengthening  the  nation's  transportation  resources. 


Organization  of  the  State  Committee 

Dean  F.  B.  Munford,  Chairman  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  appointed 
A.  C.  McKibbin  of  Jeflferson  City  Chairman,  and  approved  the  selection  of  the  fol- 
lowing members  of  the  Executive  Committee:  W.  H.  Powell,  Sedalia;  R.  T.  Conger, 
Kansas  City;  E-  A.  King,  St.  Joseph;  G.  A.  Mahan,  Hannibal;  J.  M.  McAnulty, 
Neosho;  Wallace  Capen,  St.  Louis,  and  J.  P.  Davis,  Secretary,  Jefferson  City.  The 
State  was  divided  into  five  divisions,  and  five  directors  were  appointed,  as  follows: 
Division  No.  1,  Harry  W.  Graham,  Chillicothe;  No.  2,  H.  Frank  Holman,  Moberly; 
No.  3,  E.  L.  Sanford,  Springfield;  No.  4,  David  E.  Cowan,  Rolla;  No.  5,  O.  W. 
Hackworth,  Piedmont. 


Policy  of  the  Organization 

The  committee  realized  that  great  good  would  be  accomplished  for  the  State 
and  nation  by  encouraging  and  speeding  up  proper  modes  of  transportation  on  the 
public  highways.  They  realized  the  magnitude  and  cost  of  the  work,  and  since  the 
only  money  available  was  the  small  amount  received  from  public  spirited  citizens 
and  organizations,  the  committee  has  carried  on  an  educational  campaign  in  the 
hope  of  awakening  the  people  to  the  importance  of  having  modern  and  efficient  methods 


Seventy-nine 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


of  delivering  farm  products  and  finished  goods.     The  work  has  been  divided  briefly 
as  follows: 

First:  Return  Loads:  The  elimination  of  empty  running  of  vehicles  by  bringing 
together  shippers  and  truck  owners  in  a  systematic  way,  so  as  to  provide  full  loads 
wherever  possible. 

Second:  Rural  Motor  Express;  The  use  of  the  motor  truck  in  regular  daily 
service,  over  a  fixed  route,  with  a  definite  schedule  of  stops  and  charges,  gathering 
farm  produce,  milk,  live  stock,  eggs,  etc.,  and  delivering  the  same  to  the  city  dealer, 
and  on  return  trip  carrying  merchandise,  machinery,  supplies,  etc.,  for  farmers  and 
others  along  the  route. 

Third:  Co-operation  with  Federal  R.  R.  Administration:  The  relieving  of  con- 
gested terminals  and  co-operation  to  eliminate  short  hauls  by  railroads  through 
effective  transport  service. 

Fourth:  Educational:  The  educational  campaign  to  place  highways  transport 
work  in  its  proper  light  throughout  the  State  through  the  medium  of  the  Commercial 
Clubs,  Rotary  Clubs,  Municipal  Authorities,  Newspapers,  Magazines,  etc.,  also  to 
enlist  the  support  of  all  bankers,  manufacturers  and  business  men  in  general  in  the 
importance  of  improving  the  transportation  system  over  our  highways. 


Eighty 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Commercial  Economy 


In  the  early  part  of  July,  1917,  the  State  Council  of  Defense  made  an  intense 
drive  through  the  Coimty  and  Township  Councils  in  directions  of  conservation  and 
economy  by  ascertaining  the  number  of  tin  cans  in  merchants'  stock  and  also  in 
getting  information  of  the  number  of  cans  that  would  be  needed  for  vegetables  and 
fruit.  The  drive  was  unusually  successful  -and  at  the  close  of  the  season  there  were 
very  few  tin  cans  not  in  use. 

Following  the  tin  can  survey  successful  drives  were  made  by  the  County  and 
Township  Councils,  directed  by  the  State  Council,  in  which  economy  changes  were 
made  in  merchants'  deliveries.  The  retail  stores,  as  a  step  toward  economy,  were 
asked  to  curtail  delivery  service,  that  thousands  of  men  and  vehicles  might  be  used 
in  the  service  of  the  Government.  The  acceptance  of  returned  goods  was  reduced  to 
an  absolute  minimum,  and  non-essential  operations  in  merchants'  economy  were 
eliminated. 

The  campaign  on  Merchant  Economies  throughout  Missouri  was  conducted  by 
the  Committee  on  Commercial  Economy  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  of  which 
Mr,  Sigmond  Baer  of  St.  Louis  was  Chairman. 

In  his  report  of  the  activities  of  the  Committee,  Chairman  Baer  states: 

"On  the  whole,  I  feel  that  much  good  has  been  accomplished,  not  only  in  aiding 
our  Government  by  releasing  a  number  of  men  needed  for  essential  occupations,  not 
only  in  the  saving  of  unnecessary  expenditures  which,  to  a  large  extent,  has  enabled 
merchants  to  meet  the  abnormal  increase  in  commodities,  but,  largely  through  laying 
the  foundation  for  future  co-operation  in  reducing  extravagance  and  waste,  thus 
helping  to  bring  business  to  a  saner  and  more  stable  basis  of  operation." 

Among  the  accomplishments  of  this  Committee,  taking  St.  Louis  alone,  was  the 
curtailment  of  deliveries  in  the  following  commercial  institutions,  reducing  from 
two  or  three  deliveries  a  day  to  one:  Department  stores,  Specialty  stores.  Dairies, 
Retail  Grocers,  Retail  Butchers,  Ice  Cream  Manufacturers,  Cleaners'  and  Dyers' 
Associations,  Wholesale  Druggists  and  Allied  Interests,  Material  Dealers'  Asso- 
ciation. A  co-operative  delivery  was  established  in  the  suburban  towns  of  all  the 
department  stores  in  St.  Louis,  thereby  eliminating  man  power  and  auto  trucks  and 
effecting  a  great  saving  of  gasoline,  tires,  etc. 

Letters  were  sent  to  every  town  in  Missouri  of  two  thousand  or  more  inhabitants, 
requesting  them  to  call  meetings  of  their  organizations  for  the  purpose  of  reducing 


Eighty-one 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENS 


deliveries.  More  than  80  per  cent  of  the  towns  thus  canvassed  carried  out,  in  whole 
or  in  part,  the  suggestions  made.  These  meetings  usually  being  effected  through 
the  local  Councils  of  Defense. 

To  increase  reclamation  and  utilization  of  waste  material  or  junk  in  all  parts  of 
Missouri,  a  bulletin  was  sent  from  the  State  Council  to  the  County  and  Township 
Councils,  asking  for  information  regarding  the  amount  of  waste  in  scrap  iron,  metals, 
rubber,  rags  and  other  junk  throughout  the  rural  and  farming  districts.  There  were 
large  quantities  of  old  iron  and  scrap  in  the  shape  of  discarded  agricultural 
implements,  tools,  stoves  and  chains,  lying  around  discarded.  This  junk  was  of 
considerable  value  in  a  number  of  factories  and  its  reclamation  was  of  particular 
importance  to  the  nation  in  the  war  crisis.  Questionnaires  were  sent  for  information 
desired  as  to  conditions  on  farms  and  as  to  that  in  factories. 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  sent  a  letter  to  the  County  Chairmen  and  the  women 
members  which  urged  a  concerted  effort  on  the  part  of  all  citizens  in  Missouri  for 
strictest  economy  as  an  important  step  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war.  Council  of 
Defense  workers  were  asked  to  give  publicity  to  all  economy  measures.  Letters  and 
resolutions  of  economy  were  read  in  local  meetings  of  all  the  organizations  in  the 
counties  which  were  carrying  on  the  war  activities. 


Halting  Live  Stock  Loss  on  Railroads 

Mr.  B.  F.  Bush,  President  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  and  member  of  the 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  gave  wide  distribution  to  a  circular  poster  which  called 
forceful  attention  to  the  loss  of  live  stock  on  the  railway  right-of-way.  The  posters 
were  headed,  "UNNECESSARY  ECONOMIC  WASTE"  and  they  were  sent  to  the 
trainmen  and  to  the  general  public.  Accompanying  the  poster  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  issued  a  circular  entitled  "HALT  THE  LOSS  OF  LIVE  STOCK,"  in  which 
each  Township  Council  was  asked  to  make  a  survey  of  every  mile  of  railway  in  the 
township,  looking  toward  fence  repair,  conditions  of  cattle  guards,  etc.,  and  to  present 
the  matter  personally  to  the  farmers  along  the  road.  The  circular  which  was  enclosed 
enumerated  several  methods  of  doing  away  with  the  unnecessary  waste.  Among  the 
methods  were  keeping  the  stock  in  fenced  enclosures,  passing  of  town  ordinance 
prohibiting  the  stock  from  roaming,  train  men  making  a  personal  appeal  to  owners 
to  keep  stock  penned,  all  train  men  and  track  and  section  men  observing  utmost  care 
to  avoid  striking  stock  and  newspaper  editors  presenting  this  matter  to  the  public. 


Eighty- two 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


The  measure  furnished  a  reminder  to  a  patriotic  duty  and  pointed  out  that  the  waste- 
age  reduced  to  dollars  and  cents  would  be  sufficient  to  maintain  an  army  of  one  and 
one-half  million  men  for  one  month. 

As  one  of  the  closing  activities  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  this  campaign 
in  December,  1918,  was  made  a  major  work  of  the  State  Council.  Mr.  Charles  E. 
Mandeville  joined  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  staff  to  introduce  methods  which 
had  resulted  in  a  stock  saving  from  this  loss  of  from  60  to  80  per  cent  in  the  States  of 
Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Oklahoma  and  Texas.  A  campaign  was  undertaken  with  the 
appointment  of  special  agents  along  the  rights  of  way  of  all  railroads  operating  in 
Missouri,  whose  duties  were  to  see  that  the  railroads  maintained  their  fences  and 
cattle  guards  in  keeping  with  the  law,  and  that  farmers  were  educated  to  the  need 
of  keeping  all  gates  closed  and  of  taking  all  steps  to  do  away  with  preventable  causes 
of  stock  roaming  on  rights  of  way.  It  was  pointed  out  that  Missouri  was  wasting 
annually  two  million  pounds  of  meat  and  leather — a  loss  untenable  in  the  light  of  the 
world  need  for  these  products.  More  than  one  thousand  special  agents  were  enlisted 
in  this  campaign. 


Christmas  Buying 

A  National  and  State  campaign  that  has  been  most  effective  in  Missouri  was  that 
made  by  the  State,  County  and  Township  Councils  toward  early  buying  for 
Christmas  in  1918.  A  bulletin  urged  that  to  save  labor  and  material  in  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  Christmas  gifts  and  to  save  transportation  and  delivery 
facilities,  that  early  Christmas  buying  be  practiced  as  far  as  possible.  The  pur- 
chase and  carrying  of  useful  gifts  was  encouraged. 


Eighty-three 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Publicity 


.Publicity  of  the  activities  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  has  been  carried 
out  under  several  heads.  Many  of  the  accomplishments  of  the  State  Council  consisted 
in  carrying  the  message  as  requested  by  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  or  in  the 
development  of  activities  initiated  by  the  parent  body  and  itself.  To  disseminate 
these  requests  broadcast  involved  the  mobilization  of  the  rural  and  metropolitan 
newspapers  through  their  local  Councils  of  Defense.  In  this  respect  the  country 
newspapers  made  a  notable  response.  While  deluged  with  a  great  quantity  of  matter 
forwarded  from  Washington  direct  and  with  news  columns  overburdened  by  the 
greatest  news  demands  in  the  history  of  newspaper  making,  these  dailies  and  weeklies 
found  space  to  carry  a  large  amount  of  matter  furnished  them  by  their  County  Chair- 
men and  by  the  Department  of  Publicity  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense. 

In  the  Family  Enrollment  Campaign  plate  matter  furnished  these  papers  was 
used  almost  universally,  and  in  many  cases  to  the  entire  amount.  In  the  light  of 
the  high  cost  of  white  paper  and  the  increased  cost  of  publishing,  this  constituted  a 
very  considerable  contribution  on  the  part  of  the  country  newspaper  editor  to  the 
nation. 

Not  less  gratifying  was  the  response  of  the  correspondents  of  metropolitan 
newspapers  in  Jefferson  City  and  of  these  newspapers  in  co-operating  in  disseminating 
the  requests  of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  addressed  to  the  people  at  large. 


Missouri-on-Guard 

From  June,  1917,  until  December,  1918,  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 
printed  and  distributed  its  official  publication,  "Missouri-on-Guard,"  dedicated  to 
the  activities  of  the  State  in  aid  of  the  nation. 

This  publication  was  distributed  free  to  the  ten  thousand  members  in  the 
Defense  Council  system,  also  members  of  the  Legislature,  Speakers'  Bureau,  State 
officials,  other  State  Councils,  libraries  and  individuals,  comprising  in  all  a  circula- 
tion of  about  twelve  thousand. 

Printed  on  newspaper  stock,  it  endeavored  to  present  monthly  in  semi-newspaper 
and  semi-magazine  style  a  review  of  the  current  activities  of  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  and  its  branch  Councils,  together  with  additional  requests  intended  to 
promote  the  cause. 


Eighty -five 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Posters 

Missouri's  record  in  its  food  production  increase  in  1917-18  furnished  the 
inspiration  for  an  appeal  for  greater  increase  in  1918-19,  and  this  was  given  expression 
in  the  preparation  of  a  poster  entitled,  "Missouri  Leads  in  Food  Increase"  which 
was  given  wide  distribution. 

The  design  of  the  poster  originally  was  made  by  students  of  the  Advertising 
Class  of  the  School  of  Journalism  of  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  showed  by  com- 
parative drawings  the  increase  Missouri  had  made,  particularly  in  its  grain  crops, 
meat  foods  and  garden  crops.  The  appeal  was  made  to  the  farmer  to  again  increase 
his  production  to  meet  the  unprecedented  demands  of  the  world  food  needs  for  1919. 

In  addition  to  being  given  wide  distribution  through  Missouri,  this  poster  was 
sent  to  all  other  States  and  was  given  prominent  display  in  the  legislative  rooms  of 
the  Missouri  Congressional  Delegation  in  Washington. 

The  activities  of  the  Publicity  Department  have  not  been  confined  alone  to 
newspapers  and  posters.  Special  articles  have  been  prepared  and  published  in  various 
trade  publications,  house  organs  and  the  like. 

Publicity  as  treated  under  this  head  conceives  largely  tfie  publicity  of  the  printed 
page  and  of  the  circular,  poster,  advertisement,  etc.  By  a  larger  conception,  however, 
the  entire  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  system  was  a  publicity  organization  dedicated 
to  the  program  of  spreading  the  message  of  the  Government  and  State  to  the  remotest 
section. 


Eighty-six 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Non-War  Construction 

In  the  summer  of  1918,  as  the  nation  faced  the  growing  problem  of  supplying  its 
vast  armies  at  home  and  overseas,  the  War  Industries  Board  invoked  the  aid  of  the 
184,000  units  of  the  Council  of  Defense  system  throughout  the  nation  to  discourage 
and  keep  down  all  construction  of  buildings,  roads,  highways,  and  the  like,  that 
the  resources  of  the  nation  might  be  centered  entirely  on  the  military  program. 

The  Councils  of  Defense  were  asked,  first,  to  extend  the  publicity  which  would 
focus  the  attention  of  the  people  on  the  problem.  With  this  educational  campaign 
under  way,  announcement  was  made  of  the  campaign  to  limit  building  construction. 
The  plan  included  an  inverse  process  of  making  application  for  desired  construction, 
the  tendency  being  to  discourage  all  building  which  did  not  directly  or  indirectly  tend 
to  promote  and  aid  the  military  establishment.  Thus,  if  one  wished  to  build  a 
house,  a  mile  of  gravel  road,  or  a  new  store  building,  it  was  necessary  to  convince 
several  agencies  before  the  authority  for  continuing  the  project  would  be  granted. 
These  were,  first,  the  County  Council  of  Defense;  second,  the  State  Council  of  De- 
fense; third,  the  Non-War  Construction  Section  of  the  Priorities  Division  of  the 
War  Industries  Board. 


Circular  Number  21 

Instructions  for  carrying  out  this  plan  were  embodied  in  the  famous  Circular 
Number  21  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  Under  this  order  all  non-war  construction, 
excepting  extensions  or  repairs  to  existing  buildings  costing  under  $2,500,  and  farm 
construction  costing  under  $1,000,  had  to  be  approved  by  the  County  Council  of 
Defense,  and  in  turn  approved  by  the  State  Council  of  Defense.  These  requests 
were  then  forwarded  to  Washington  for  final  approval  or  rejection. 

Applications  for  permits  in  St.  Louis  were  directed  to  Mr.  M.  L.  Wilkinson, 
Chairman  of  the  St.  Louis  Council  of  Defense;  in  Kansas  City  to  Mr.  Julius  David- 
son, Chairman  of  the  Jackson  County  Council  of  Defense;  in  all  other  sections  of  the 
State  to  the  State  Council  of  Defense,  which  in  turn  delegated  the  authority  and 
responsibility  to  the  Public  Service  Commission,  which  detailed  one  of  its  depart- 
ments under  the  direction  of  Mr.  C.  B.  Bee  to  pass  on  the  projects. 

All  applications  for  road  and  highway  construction  were  directed  to  A.  W. 
Graham,  Chief  Engineer  of  the  State  Highway  Department. 


Eighty-seven 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


The  County  Councils  throughout  the  State  immediately  formed  special  com- 
mittees to  pass  on  building  applications.  Those  applications  which  were  deemed  to 
be  imperative  were  approved  by  the  local  body  and  forwarded  to  the  State  Council 
of  Defense,  according  to  the  plan.  Many  of  these  projects  were  disapproved  by  the 
State  Council  of  Defense  and  the  applications  returned.  An  almost  equal  number 
approved  by  the  County  Councils  and  the  State  Council  were  disapproved  by  the 
War  Industries  Board. 


Results  of  Campaign 

The  campaign  to  discourage  non-war  construction  in  Missouri  resulted  in  halting 
building  projects  with  a  construction  value  of  many  millions  of  dollars.  The  Chair- 
man of  the  Jasper  County  Council  of  Defense  estimated,  in  his  county  alone,  of  having 
disapproved  projects  amounting  to  more  than  $400,000.  A  report  of  Mr.  Bee  of  the 
Public  Service  Commission  to  the  Council  of  Defense  stated  that  counting  only  those 
applications  which  were  rejected  in  this  office  or  at  Washington,  162  projects  were 
passed  on  unfavorably,  with  a  construction  value  of  $708,325. 

The  terms  of  the  non-war  construction  order  were  modified  in  October  to  permit 
all  farm  construction,  and  to  include  less  stringent  restrictions  on  projects  imder  way. 


Campaign  of  Building 

With  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  the  ban  was  lifted  in  its  entirety,  and  the 
attention  of  the  Council  of  Defense  directed  to  a  campaign  of  building,  the  purpose 
being  entirely  reversed.  The  Councils  of  Defense  were  then  engaged  in  a  campaign 
to  renew  all  building  projects  which  had  been  deferred  during  the  campaign. 


Eighty-eight 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Special  Activities 


Incident  to  the  abnormal  conditions  caused  by  the  war,  the  Missouri  Council  of 
Defense  initiated  a  large  number  of  special  activities  in  addition  to  its  main  program. 


Poison  Court  Plaster 

In  the  early  part  of  the  summer  of  1917  stories  were  current  that  peddlers 
throughout  the  State,  possibly  in  German  pay,  were  selling  court  plaster  on  the  streets 
of  the  cities  and  in  the  rural  districts,  that  was  infected  with  the  germs  of  lockjaw 
and  typhoid.  The  State  Council  of  Defense  telegraphed  to  the  National  Council  of 
Defense  in  Washington,  asking  whether  or  not  this  report  had  sufficient  foundation 
to  justify  it  in  writing  to  the  Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils  and  warning  the 
people,  through  them,  to  be  on  their  guard  against  irresponsible  sellers  of  court 
plaster.  The  Department  of  Justice,  without  sharing  in  any  sensational  view  with 
respect  as  to  how  the  various  samples  of  sticking  plaster  or  court  plaster  submitted 
to  them  became  infected,  stated  that  some  of  the  samples  were  analyzed  and  shown 
to  contain  deadly  germs,  so  that  the  people  in  the  State  of  Missouri  were  warned 
against  supplying  themselves  with  this  remedy  except  from  approved  sources,  the 
warning  being  particularly  directed  against  purchases  in  small  packages  from  peddlers 
or  street  venders. 


Keep  the  Children  in  School 

At  the  direction  of  President  Wilson,  Hon.  P.  P.  Claxton,  Commissioner  of  the 
Bureau  of  Education  at  Washington,  called  the  attention  of  the  governors  of  the 
states  and  various  state  councils  of  defense  to  the  vital  need  of  keeping  our  schools  up 
to  the  standard,  in  attendance  and  eflficiency.  Acting  Governor  Wallace  Crossley 
issued  a  proclamation  that  was  carried  by  the  State  Council  into  all  County  and 
Township  Councils  of  Defense.     Governor  Crossley 's  proclamation  was  as  follows: 

It  is  the  patriotic  duty  of  teachers  both  in  elementary  and  high  schools  to  make 
their  instructions  more  efficient  than  ever  before,  and  no  opportunity  for  lessons  in 
patriotism    and    economic    training    should    be    overlooked.     Children    should    be 


Eighty-nine 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


encouraged  to  engage  in  productive  work,  and  their  efforts  directed  towards  results 
of  the  highest  possible  value. 

When  Missouri's  army  of  school  children  mobilizes  in  September  they  should  see 
the  American  Hag  floating  from  every  public  school  building.  America  must  be 
Americanized  as  never  before  and  school  houses  should  be  the  place  of  frequent 
community  meetings  to  discuss  the  questions  of  vital  importance  to  the  country. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  attendance  laws  will  be  strictly  enforced  and  parents  should 
see  that  the  boys  and  girls  are  kept  regularly  at  their  studies.  Opportunity  should  be 
found  for  special  work  along  the  line  of  home  economics  and  it  has  been  suggested  that 
in  country  and  village  schools  girls  and  boys  could  form  corn  clubs,  poultry  clubs, 
canning  clubs,  etc.,  under  the  direction  of  the  teachers. 

The  thought  suggests  itself  here  that  a  path  of  mutual  endeavor  lies  before  the 
County  and  Township  Councils  of  Defense,  who  are  charged  with  the  administrative 
steps  of  mobilizing  the  State's  patriotic  thought  and  resources  for  war,  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  school  authorities  and  school  children  on  the  other.  The  schools 
themselves  afford  excellent  means  for  the  dissemination  of  ideas  and  information  for 
building  up  the  national  defense.  They  can  serve  no  better  patriotic  purpose  than  in 
joining  forces  in  furthering  the  practical  and  intelligent  program  for  bringing  the 
State  to  the  highest  efficiency  in  war. 


Co-operate  With  the  Red  Cross 

The  State  Council  of  Defense  issued  bulletins  to  the  County  and  Township 
Councils,  asking  for  co-operation  of  the  Defense  Councils  with  the  Red  Cross  organi- 
zations. At  that  time,  September,  1917,  there  were  three  thousand  Red  Cross 
Chapters  in  the  country.  Especial  emphasis  was  brought  to  bear  upon  the  field  of 
"Home  Service"  which  was  not  only  for  the  sake  of  public  interest  but  for  the  welfare 
and  consideration  due  to  the  families  whose  boys  were  in  the  service. 


Texas  Cattle  Brought  Here 

The  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  the  fall  of  1917,  asked  the 
Missouri  Coimcil  of  Defense  to  place  before  the  chairmen  of  the  County  Councils  an 
opportunity  by  which  the  people  of  Missouri  could  greatly  help  the  Government  in 
securing  a  better  meat  supply  in  this  country. 


Ninety 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Because  of  the  abnormal  drouth  in  Texas  during  the  summer,  the  cattle  situation 
was  such  that  some  relief  was  needed  to  keep  a  large  number  of  cattle  from  starving. 
Missouri  farmers  were  informed  of  the  opportunity  to  buy  this  cattle  cheap  and 
urged  on  the  grounds  of  economy  and  patriotism  to  bring  this  stock  to  Missouri  for 
feeding.  This  resulted  in  a  considerable  interchange  of  cattle  and  feed  between 
Texas  and  Missouri. 


Aiding  the  Income  Tax  Collection 

The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  requested  by  the  Council  of  National 
Defense  at  Washington,  and  the  two  Internal  Revenue  Collectors  of  Missouri  to  appeal 
through  its  County  and  Township  branches,  for  assistance  in  aiding  the  income  tax 
collection.  Suggestions  which  the  Collectors  urged  the  County  Councils  to  carry 
out  as  invaluable  service  to  the  nation  follow: 

Publish  an  appeal  and  warning  in  local  newspapers,  calling  attention  to  the 
approach  of  March  1,  and  urging  every  person  subject  to  the  assessment  to  write  to 
the  collector  for  blanks.  This  return  gives  the  government  the  necessary  information 
on  which  it  decides  if  the  individual  shall  pay  a  tax,  and  if  so,  how  much. 

Prepare  a  list  of  persons  whose  GROSS  incomes  you  know  make  them  subject  to 
tax.  You  will  be  doing  the  taxpayer  a  real  favor.  The  government  experts  will 
decide  as  to  the  net  income.  Thus  in  many  instances  the  individual  will  pay  no  tax, 
but  by  failing  to  have  made  his  return  (the  burden  of  which  falls  on  the  individual) 
he  will  have  laid  himself  open  to  a  heavy  fine. 

Turn  over  this  list,  which  can  hz  made  up  from  the  records  of  county  clerks, 
assessors,  grain  elevators,  etc.,  to  the  government  field  men,  when  they  come  to  your 
community,  or  send  it  to  the  collector  for  your  district. 

Appoint  a  member  of  the  County  Council,  or  a  committee,  to  be  known  as  the 
Income  Tax  Collection  Committee,  to  have  charge  of  this  auxiliary  work,  and  to 
assist  the  field  men  on  their  arrival. 


Wood  Fuel  in  Missouri 

Due  to  the  unusual  fuel  conditions,  both  as  to  availability  and  demand  which 
prevailed  in  the  winter  of  1917-18,  a  campaign  to  introduce  wood  fuel  as  a  substitute 
for  coal  in  a  large  number  of  Missouri  counties  was  planned  as  an  activity  of  the 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense  in  aid  of  the  Fuel  Administration. 


Ninety-one 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


A  State  Wood  Fuel  Committee  was  formed  consisting  of  Wallace  Crossley, 
Federal  Fuel  Administrator  for  Missouri,  F.  W.  McAllister,  Missouri  Council  of 
Defense,  C.  F.  Korstian  of  the  U.  S.  Fuel  Administration  and  the  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture,  A.  J.  Meyer,  Agricultural  Extension  Service,  and  Frederick  Dunlap, 
Department  of  Forestry,  University  of  Missouri,  The  organization  of  a  similar  Wood 
Fuel  Committee  in  each  county  was  urged.  Each  county  was  instructed  to  adapt 
the  program  to  its  own  local  needs.  Where  wood  was  available  in  quantities, 
recommendations  were  made  to  include  a  municipal  wood  market,  wood  selling 
campaigns,  wood  cutting  bees,  all  intended  to  promote  the  use  of  wood  as  a  substitute 
for  coal.     The  educational  results  of  the  campaign  were  marked. 

The  severity  of  the  winter,  coupled  with  the  tremendous  demands  for  steam  coal 
for  manufacturing  and  transportation  purposes,  together  with  the  congested  traffic 
conditions,  were  factors  which  assisted  in  making  the  wood  fuel  campaign  a  solution 
of  local  fuel  problems  in  many  cases. 


Lending  Telescopes  and  Binoculars  to  the  Navy 

The  Council  of  National  Defense  sent  to  the  Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils 
direct,  posters  advertising  the  need  of  binoculars,  spy  glasses  and  telescopes  in  the 
Navy.  In  an  instruction  letter,  the  State  Council  asked  each  County  Chairman  to 
use  these  posters  to  the  best  advantage  in  their  county,  especially  posting  them  in 
court  houses,  post  offices,  drug  stores  and  other  public  places. 


National  Implement  Inspection  and  Repair  Week 

The  week  beginning  March  1,  1918,  was  set  aside  as  National  Implement 
Inspection  and  Repair  Week,  by  the  Committee  on  Agriculture  and  Food  Production 
of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense.  It  had  been  possible  in  the  past  for  farmers  to 
wait  until  the  last  minute  before  ordering  new  farm  implements  or  repairs  for  old 
implements,  without  experiencing  any  serious  delay  in  having  their  needs  supplied. 
There  was  a  greater  need  felt  for  adequate  equipment  for  machinery  on  every  farm  at 
that  time  than  has  ever  been  known  in  the  history  of  American  agriculture.  The 
State  Council  of  Defense  recommended  every  County  Council  through  its  various 
agencies  and  particularly  through  its  Agricultural  Committee  to  give  the  widest 
publicity  possible  to  the  proposed  National  Implement  Inspection  and  Repair  Week. 


Ninety-two 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Enrolling  Agents  for  Shipbuilding 

The  work  of  C.  C.  Carson,  Federal  State  Director,  United  States  Public  Service 
Reserve  for  Missouri,  in  enrolling  agents  for  shipbuilding,  was  endorsed  by  bulletins 
sent  by  the  State  Council  of  Defense  to  the  Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils. 
The  demand  at  that  time  was  for  shipbuilders  in  the  Northwest,  which  need  comprised 
carpenters,  wood  workers,  blacksmiths,  electricians  and  many  other  allied  trades. 
The  bulletin  asked  the  County  Council  Chairmen  to  nominate  one  or  more  persons 
whom  they  could  recommend  for  appointment  as  enrollment  agent  for  their  county — 
a  man  who  was  thoroughly  alive  to  the  need,  who  would  be  both  willing  and  able  to 
give  his  time,  who  would  act  promptly  and  get  results,  and  who  would  for  that  time 
consider  enrolling  men  for  shipbuilding  one  of  the  most  important  matters  that  could 
possibly  engage  his  attention.  The  County  Chairmen  were  asked  to  make  the  report 
not  later  than  January  1,  1918,  that  the  definite  work  of  that  Department  could  begin. 


Student  Nurses*  Reserve 

The  Woman's  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  co-operating  with 
the  Nurses'  Committee  of  the  Council,  Surgeon-General  Gorgas  of  the  Army,  Surgeon- 
General  Rupert  Blue  of  the  Public  Health  Service,  Chairman  H.  P.  Davidson  of  the 
War  Council  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  and  Dr.  Franklin  Martin  of  the  Medical 
Board  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  began  a  campaign  during  the  fortnight  of 
July  29  and  August  12,  which  was  to  enroll  2,500  young  women  between  the  ages  of 
nineteen  and  thirty-five  into  an  organization  which  would  be  known  as  the  United 
States  Nurses'  Reserve.  In  Missouri  the  work  was  conducted  by  the  woman  member 
of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense.  The  State  Council  of  Defense  urged  co-operation 
of  the  County  and  Township  Chairmen  in  giving  every  possible  aid  to  the  campaign. 


Enroll  Unskilled  Laborers 

In  August,  1918,  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  received  an  urgent  appeal  from 
the  Council  of  National  Defense  at  Washington,  stating  that  the  Nation  was  faced 
with  a  shortage  of  one  million  unskilled  laborers  in  war  industries.  A  new  army  draft 
expansion  increased  this  shortage  as  the  need  grew  for  supplies.  Acute  shortages 
were  apparent  in  skilled  laborers.  A  supply  of  these  men  was  imperative  to  war 
production  and  it  was  put  up  to  the  State  Councils  of  Defense  to  aid  the  United  States 


Ninety-three 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      D  It)  K  IC  N  S  Iv 


Employment  Service  Director  in  filling  his  quota,  which  was  25,260.  W.  W,  Brown, 
of  Kansas  City,  was  named  the  Missouri  director  of  the  United  States  Employment 
Service,  which  worked  with  the  United  States  Department  of  Labor  and  established 
the  machinery  for  enrolling  and  placing  this  vast  army  of  unskilled  laborers. 

The  aid  and  co-operation  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  tendered  in  the 
establishment  of  Community  Labor  Boards  in  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph, 
Springfield,  Joplin,  Hannibal  and  Cape  Girardeau.  Through  these  agencies  many 
thousand  Missouri  workmen  were  recruited  for  labor  in  the  huge  munitions  and 
nitrate  plants  and  other  Governmental  projects  established  in  West  Virginia,  Tennes- 
see and  Alabama. 


Endorsement  War  Workers 

One  of  the  most  unique  services  performed  by  the  Council  of  Defense  was  that  of 
passing  on  applications  of  war  workers  for  service  with  the  Red  Cross,  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
Salvation  Army,  and  other  organizations  doing  welfare  work  with  our  forces  at  home 
and  overseas. 

For  instance,  an  application  for  a  Red  Cross  position  was  sent  to  the  offices  of  the 
Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  and  in  turn  forwarded  to  the  Chairman  of  the  County 
Council  of  Defense  in  which  the  applicant  resided.  After  the  applicant's  record 
received  proper  endorsement,  it  was  returned  and  forwarded  to  the  Red  Cross 
authorities. 

These  investigations,  because  of  their  confidential  nature,  earned  a  high 
commendation  on  the  part  of  the  organizations  seeking  them,  enabling  them  to 
increase  their  personnel  in  a  manner  economical  both  in  time  and  method  and 
insuring,  in  a  manner,  the  enlistment  of  a  desirable  worker. 


Apprehending  Army  Deserters 

With  the  steady  increase  of  the  number  of  men  in  the  army  camps,  there  grew  a 
proportional  increase  of  desertions  and  absences  without  leave.  Eventually  this 
became  a  source  of  grave  concern  to  the  army  authorities,  and  with  the  approach  and 
signing  of  the  armistice  became  a  problem  indeed. 

The  aid  of  the  Defense  Council  system  was  invoked  in  an  educational  campaign 
among  the  people  at  home  and  particularly  the  friends  of  soldiers  on  leave  to  urge 


Ninety-four 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


them  to  see  that  their  soldier  friends  and  relatives  returned  to  camp  within  time.  A 
warning  against  loiterers  in  uniform  was  sent  out.  In  August,  1918,  a  plan  was  evolved 
whereby  the  Council  of  Defense  were  asked  to  render  concrete  assistance  in  detecting 
desertions.  The  name  of  a  soldier  reported  absent  without  leave  in  any  army  camp 
in  the  United  States,  the  residence  of  the  soldier  being  in  Missouri,  was  forwarded  to 
the  office  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  and  in  turn  dispatched  to  the  county 
where  the  soldier  had  his  home  address.  More  than  one  thousand  cases  in  Missouri 
were  thus  reported,  investigations  made  and  a  report  sent  back  to  the  army  camp, 
between  August  and  January  1st,  1919.  In  St.  Louis  such  cases  were  handled  direct 
by  the  Police  Department.  Their  assistance  in  investigations  was  uniformly  prompt 
and  pain^aking. 


Alien  Property  Survey 

The  Alien  Property  Custodian  of  the  United  States  called  on  the  Missouri  Council 
of  Defense,  through  its  County  and  Township  Councils  of  Defense,  to  assist  him  in 
locating  enemy-owned  property  of  all  kinds,  which  under  the  rules  of  war  was  in  the 
charge  of  the  United  States  Government,  and  its  income,  or  proceeds  of  sale,  be  used 
in  the  fight  against  the  Imperial  German  Government  and  her  allies. 

A  unique  situation  existed  in  Missouri,  as  in  1895  the  Missouri  Legislature  passed 
a  law  which  forbade  anyone  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  to  hold  title  to  real 
estate  in  Missouri.     This  law,  the  attorney  general  of  Missouri  ruled,  was  in  operation 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  in  Hannibal  the  matter  was 
presented  and  discussed  at  length.  By  formal  action  the  State  Council  was  instructed 
to  take  advantage  of  the  statute  in  question  whenever  the  best  interests  of  the  Nation 
were  concerned. 

The  County  Chairmen  were  requested:  First,  to  make  survey  of  all  property  in 
the  county  or  township,  title  of  which  was  held  by  persons  living  in  the  Central 
Empires,  or  occupied  territory. 

Second:  To  make  a  survey  of  all  real  property  in  their  county  or  township, 
possession  of  which  was  claimed  by  a  person  not  living  in  the  United  States. 

The  County  and  Township  Chairmen  were  asked  to  inform  the  State  Council. 


Ninety-five 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Americanization 


The  Americanization  Committee  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  was  organized 
in  May,  1918.  It  was  composed  of  I.  N.  Watson,  Chairman,  of  Kansas  City;  M.  R. 
Bevington,  Chief  Naturalization  Examiner,  Bureau  of  Naturalization,  of  Saint  Louis; 
Prof.  J.  W.  Withers,  Superintendent  of  the  Saint  Louis  Public  Schools;  James  R. 
Dunn,  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Saint  Louis;  Prof.  W.  S.  Dearmont, 
President  Cape  Girardeau  State  Normal  School;  James  M.  Hays,  Contractor,  Jeffer- 
son City;  Orestes  Mitchell,  Attorney,  Saint  Joseph;  Ray  Bond,  Attorney,  Joplin; 
Prof.  I.  I.  Cammack,  Superintendent  of  Kansas  City  Schools;  Prof.  Isador  Loeb, 
University  of  Missouri,  Columbia;  and  Uel  W.  Lamkin,  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools,  Jefferson  City. 


Survey  of  Aliens  in  Missouri 

Shortly  after  organization,  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  by  resolution, 
requested  this  committee  to  ascertain  the  number  of  aliens  in  the  State  who  had 
taken  out  first  papers  of  naturalization,  but  had  not  completed  their  citizenship, 
also  what  recommendations  should  be  made  as  to  change  in  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
Missouri  concerning  the  right  to  vote  conferred  upon  aliens.  This  committee 
investigated  and  found  that  there  were,  in  round  numbers  in  the  City  of  Saint  Louis, 
Kansas  City,  Joplin,  and  Saint  Joseph,  28,000  aliens  who  had  taken  out  first  papers 
under  the  Act  of  Congress  passed  in  1906,  and  7,000  in  round  numbers  had  completed 
their  naturalization  papers  and  become  citizens;  that  21,000,  in  round  numbers,  had 
taken  no  steps  to  perfect  their  naturalization  after  procuring  their  first  papers  and 
were  not  entitled  to  vote  under  our  constitution.  A  resolution  was  passed  by  this 
committee  recommending  that  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri  be  amended 
so  as  to  prohibit  aliens  from  voting  until  they  had  become  citizens.  This  reso- 
lution was  endorsed  by  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  and  has  been  approved  by 
the  Governor  in  his  message  to  the  Legislature. 


Teaching  in  Foreign  Tongue 

Upon  investigation  it  was  ascertained  that  in  different  parts  of  the  state  there 
were  communities  where  the  English  language  was  not  spoken  or  taught  in  the  schools. 


Ninety-seven 


MIvSSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


A  resolution  was  passed  by  this  committee  asking  the  Legislature  to  pass  a  law 
prohibiting  the  teaching  of  any  language  except  English  language  in  all  public  and 
parochial  schools  of  Missouri. 


Co-ordination  of  Organizations 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  formulate  a  plan  of  organization  for  the 
co-operation  of  all  agencies  in  the  State  of  Missouri  whose  object  and  purpose  is  the 
education,  Americanization  and  naturalization  of  all  aliens,  and  also  the  education 
of  the  ignorant  native-born  citizens. 


English  in  Religious  Services 

A  plan  was  also  formulated  for  co-operation  with  the  State  Superintendent  and 
the  County  Superintendents  of  Schools  of  Missouri,  whereby  an  organization  could 
be  perfected  in  every  county  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  teaching  and  speaking 
of  the  English  language  in  all  religious  services. 


Aiding  Night  Schools 

A  plan  was  also  formulated  for  promoting  and  procuring  the  attendance  of  night 
schools  by  adult  aliens  in  the  cities  of  Saint  Louis,  Kansas  City,  Saint  Joseph  and 
other  large  cities  of  the  state,  and  also  to  enlist  the  co-operation  of  all  industrial 
establishments  employing  labor  in  the  teaching  of  the  English  language  in  the  estab- 
ishments  so  that  the  English  language  alone  would  be  used  in  all  such  establishments. 
The  plan  was  to  induce  every  employer  to  devote  at  least  one  hour  a  day  to  teaching 
the  English  language  to  his  foreign-born  employees,  and  the  nature  and  character 
of  our  Government,  and  our  laws,  and  our  ideals.  Plans  were  being  formulated  for 
procuring  greater  attendance  of  adult  aliens'  night  schools  in  Saint  Louis,  Kansas 
City,  Saint  Joseph  and  other  cities  to  establish  additional  night  schools  for  all 
foreigners,  when  the  committee  was  notified  by  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  that 
it  was  released  from  any  further  duty,  owing  to  the  discontinuance  of  the  State  Council 
of  Defense. 


Ninety -eight 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OP   DEFENSE 


Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense 


Adair Thomas  J.  Dockery Kirksville 

Andrew .Willis  G.  Hine Savannah 

Atchison S.  H.  Prather Tarkio 

Audrain .  .Col.  E.  Y.  Burton Mexico 

Barry Wm.  Martin Cassville 

Barton J.  W.  Moran Lamar 

Bates W.  G.  Dillon Butler 

Benton Charles  Petts Warsaw 

Bollinger F.  M.  Wells Lutesville 

Boone J.  T.  Mitchell Columbia 

Buchanan J.  O.  Barkley St.  Joseph 

Butler H.  O.  Harriwood Poplar  Bluff 

Caldwell D.N.  McClintock Kingston 

Callaway Gen.  M.  F.  Bell Fulton 

Camden Dr.  T.  J.  Feaster Climax  Springs 

Cape  Girardeau. .  W.  S.  Dearmont Cape  Girardeau 

Carroll R.  H.  Monier Carrollton 

Carter J.  M.  Carnahan Van  Buren 

Cass Judge  J.  F.  Kircher Harrisonville 

Cedar J-  F.  Rhodes Eldorado  Springs 

Chariton Roy  Rucker Keytesville 

Christian T.  L.  Robertson Ozark 

Clark T.  L.  Montgomery Kahoka 

Clay Robert  S.  Withers Liberty 

Clinton A.  C.  Kartell Plattsburg 

Cole J.  Frank  Morris Jefferson  City 

Cooper Dr.  Arthur  W.  Nelson Bunceton 

Crawford W.  D.  Towe Cuba 

Dade J.  M.  Brickey Areola 

Dallas Prof.  A.  G.  Wisdom Urbana 

Daviess F.  S.  Tuggle Gallatin 

DeKalb A.  J.  Hitt Maysville 

Dent Lawrence  T.  McGee Salem 

Douglas M.  L.  Andrews Bryant 


Ninety -nine 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DIvFRNSE 


Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils — Continued 

Dunklin W.  F.  Shelton Kennett 

Franklin J.  A.  Booth Pacific 

Gasconade F.  G.  Gaebler Swiss 

Gentry George  Ward King  City 

Greene Harry  Cooper Springfield 

Grundy John  Peery Trenton 

Harrison E.  H.  Frisby Bethany 

Henry Rev.  A.  N.  Lindsey Clinton 

Hickory Ross  Coon Hermitage 

Holt CD.  Zook Oregon 

Howard Dr.  H.  G.  Givens Fayette 

Howell Will  H.  Zorn West  Plains 

Iron W.  J.  Reese Ironton 

Jackson Julius  Davidson Kansas  City 

Jasper Cowgill  Blair Oronogo 

Jefferson Paul  P.  Hinchey DeSoto 

Johnson F.  A.  Gougler Warrensburg 

Knox ly.  F.  Cotty Edina 

Laclede Edward  Hooker Lebanon 

Lafayette E.  M.  Taubman Lexington 

Lawrence L.  G.  Adams Hoberg 

Lewis Geo.  Mathews Ewing 

Lincoln H.  F.  Childers Troy 

Linn Geo.  W.  Bailey Brookfield 

Livingston Andy  Prager Chillicothe 

McDonald J.  L.  EHiff Anderson 

Macon Senator  W.  C.  Goodson Macon 

Madison C.  J.  Belken Mine  La  Motte 

Maries Geo.  E.  Cansler Vienna 

Marion W.  B.  Pettibone Hannibal 

Mercer Chas.  I.  MuUinax Princeton 

Miller C.  G.  Brittingham Eldon 

Mississippi Max  L.  Ostner Diehlstadt 

Moniteau Thos.  Groves Tipton 

Monroe Clarence  Evans Paris 

Montgomery Prof.  W.  F.  Hupe Montgomery  City 


One  Hundred 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils— Continued 

Morgan. Samuel  Daniels Versailles 

New  Madrid D.  C.  Hunter New  Madrid 

Newton A.  W.  Duff Neosho 

Nodaway Paul  Sisson Maryville 

Oregon W.  C.  Johnson Alton 

Osage R.  H.  Bryan Linn 

Ozark Arthur  Hutchinson Gainesville 

Pemiscot W.  D.  Byrd Caruthersville 

Perry Chas.  E.  Kiefner Perryville 

Pettis T.  R.  Luckett Sedalia 

Phelps J.  A.  Spilman Rolla 

Pike Chas.  E.  Porter Bowling  Green 

Platte D.  A.  Chestnut Platte  City 

Polk F.  M.  Stufflebaum Bolivar 

Pulaski J.  W.  Armstrong Richland 

Putnam J.  C.  McKinley Unionville 

Ralls C.  T.  Lamb New  London 

Randolph Joe  Kirby Moberly 

Ray James  Powell Richmond 

Reynolds M.  Harrison Redford 

Ripley L.  P.  Whitwell Doniphan 

St.  Charles J.  C.  Willbrand St.  Charles 

St.  Clair Prof.  E.  C.  Higgins Osceola 

St.  Francois Dr.  Chas.  Schuttler Farmington 

Ste.  Genevieve. .  .F.  A.  Petrequin Ste.  Genevieve 

St.  Louis Collins  Thompson St.  Louis 

St.  Louis  City...  .M.  L-  Wilkinson St.  Louis 

Saline Hayden  Colvert Marshall 

Schuyler Walter  A.  Higbee Lancaster 

Scotland J.  E.  Luther Memphis 

Scott Wade  Anderson Commerce 

Shannon H.  H.  Rhodes West  Eminence 

Shelby W.  L.  Shouse Shelbina 

Stoddard C.  A.  Grain Dexter 

Stone W.  E.  Renfro Galena 

Sullivan Lenny  Baldridge Milan 


One  Hundred  One 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OP      DEFENSE 


Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils — Continued. 

Taiiey R.  C.  Ford Forsyth 

Texas C.  P.  Patton Cabool 

Vernon Chester  H.  Gray Nevada 

Warren Henry  Hollman Warrenton 

Washington H.  C.  Bell Potosi 

Wayne G.  S.  Schalter Patterson 

Webster D.  D.  Hamilton Marshfield 

Worth J.  F.  Robertson Grant  City 

Wright Rev.  G.  W.  Holmes Hartville 


One  Hundred  Two 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Secretaries  of  County  Councils  of  Defense 


Andrew Ida  Mae  Rae Savannah 

Atchison Capt.  W.  R.  Little Tarkio 

Audrain Judge  E.  F.  Elliott Mexico 

Barry L.  F.  Jones Cassville 

Barton S.  L.  Douglas Lamar 

Bates W.  G.  Dillon.' Butler 

Benton C.  H.  Miles Warsaw 

Boone Boyle  G.  Clark Columbia 

Buchanan Harry  Krug,  Jr St.  Joseph 

Callaway Fred  D.  Williams Fulton 

Cape  Girardeau.  .Miss  Christine  Wheeler Cape  Girardeau 

Carroll R.  W.  Brown Carrollton 

Cass C.  A.  Burke. Harrisonville 

Cedar Ira  F.  Reed Eldorado  Springs 

Chariton J.  O.  Richardson Keytesville 

Christian Chas .  Reid Ozark 

Cooper J.  S.  Underwood Boonville 

Dade Fred  L.  Shafer Greenfield 

Daviess Dean  E.  Handy Gallatin 

DeKalb Jas.  B.  Mayes,  Jr Pattonsburg 

Dent A.  C.  Donnan Lake  Springs 

Douglas C.  P.  Anderson Granada 

Franklin M.  B,  Lane Sullivan 

Gasconade A.  O.  Mann Hermann 

Gentry Dale  Flowers Albany 

Henry Geo.  W.  Schweer Clinton 

Holt Frank  Petree Oregon 

Howard Richard  K.  Bridges Fayette 

Howell W.  C.  McMillan .West  Plains 

Iron Mann  Ringo Ironton 

Jackson M.  Meller  Adamson Kansas  City 

Johnson C.  W.  Fulkerson Warrensburg 

Knox E.  W.  Underwood Edina 

Laclede D.  O.  Vernon Lebanon 


One  Hundred  Three 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Secretaries  of  County  Councils — Continued 

Lawrence Harry  Moore Mount  Vernon 

Lewis Andra  Thompson LaBelle 

McDonald A.  W.  Chenoweth Pincville 

Macon Prof.  O.  L.  Cross Macon 

Marion H.  A.  Scheidker Hannibal 

Mississippi Clarence  Johnson Charleston 

Moniteau S.  W.  Hurst Tipton 

Monroe Anderson  Blanton Paris 

Montgomery M.  B.  Vaughan Montgomery  City 

Newton L.  N.  Pannell Fairview 

Nodaway E.  M.  Claypool Maryville 

Oregon Hosea  H.  Taylor Alton 

Osage C.  F.  Weeks Linn 

Pemiscot S.  P.  Reynolds Caruthersville 

Perry P.  B.  Hood Perryville 

Pettis ,  .W.  P.  Kimberlin Sedalia 

Phelps Prof.  John  F.  Hodge St.  James 

Pike J.  E.  Scott Bowling  Green 

Pulaski G.  W.  Lane Waynesville 

Putnam Byron  McKinley Unionville 

Ray Russell  D.  Farris Richmond 

Ripley J.  W.  Beauchamp Doniphan 

St.  Charles W.  R.  Hendrix St.  Charles 

St.  Francois J.  Clyde  Akers Farmington 

Ste.  Genevieve. .  .Harry  Gise Ste.  Genevieve 

Saline R.  J.  Howat Marshall 

Scotland J.  V.  Bumbarger Memphis 

Scott J.  W.  Ingram Chaffee 

Taney J.  W.  Blankenship Hollister 

Texas Walter  E.  Jadwin Cabool 

Vernon Sam  A.  Cubbin Nevada 

Warren Frank  H.  Hollman Warrenton 

Washington James  Settle Potosi 

Wayne A.  G.  Templeton Greenville 

Worth C.  A.  Hammer Allendale 

Wright W.  A.  Black Mansfield 


One  Hundred  Four 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF       DEFENSE 


Missouri  Council  of  Defense 


Committees 

Organization 

Chairman,  F.  B.  Mumford,  Dean  College  of  Agriculture,  Columbia 
Hon.  Frank  W.  McAllister,  Attorney  General,  Jefferson  City 

Agriculture  and  Food  Production 

Chairman,  A.  J.  Meyer,  Director  of  Agriculture  Extension,  Columbia 
F.  B.  Mumford,  Dean  College  of  Agriculture,  Columbia 
Jewell  Mayes,  Secretary  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  Jefferson  City 
F.  W.  Faurot,  Director  Missouri  Fruit  Experiment  Station,  Mountain  Grove 
J.  C.  Hackleman,  Chairman  Sub-Committee  on  Seed  Supplies,  Columbia 
T.  W.  Noland,  Director  Missouri   State  Poultry  Experiment  Station,  Mountain 
Grove 

Distribution  and  Marketing 

Chairman,  Jewell  Mayes,  Secretary,  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  Jefferson  City 
C.  O.  Raine,  Master  of  Missouri  State  Grange,  Hayti 
A.  J.  Meyer,  Director  Agricultiu-e  Extension,  Columbia 

E.  W,  Solomon,  President  Missouri  Division  of  Farmer's  Educational  and  Co- 
operative Union  of  America,  Bernie 
S.  R.  Schmutz,  May  view 

Farm  Statistics 

Chairman,  Jewell  Mayes,  Secretary  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  Jefferson  City 

Robert  Withers,  Liberty 

Eugene  A.  Logan,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Columbia 

Food  Conservation 

Chairman,  W.  C.  Bitting,  St.  Louis 

Hon.  H.  W.  Kiel,  Mayor,  St.  Louis  ,     . 

George  H.  Edwards,  Kansas  City 

Labor 

Chairman,  William  H.  Lewis,  Labor  Commissioner,  Jefferson  City 
R.  T,  Wood,  President  State  Federation  of  Labor,  Springfield 
C.  G.  Brittingham,  Eldon 


One  Hundred  Five 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Committees — Continued 

Sub-Committee  on  Farm  Labor 

Chairman,  Ira  F.  Reed,  College  of  Agriculture,  Columbia 

J.  H.  Galeener,  Sikeston 

H.  S.  Clark,  Columbia 

C.  O.  Raine,  Master  of  the  Missouri  State  Grange,  Hayti 

A.  W.  Douglas,  Simmons  Hardware  Co.,  St.  Louis 
Sub-Committee  on  Boys'  Reserve  Corps 

Chairman,  Uel  W.  Lamkin,  Jefferson  City 

7.  Mineral  Resources 

Chairman,  H.  A.  Buehler,  State  Geologist,  RoUa 

Hugh  Mclndoe,  Joplin 

A.  L.  McRae,  Director  School  of  Mines,  Rolla 

George  Hill,  Bevier 

Thomas  Walton,  Higbee 

8.  Public  Education 

Chairman,  Uel  W.  Lamkin,  Jefferson  City 

A.  Ross  Hill,  President  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 

W.  S.  Dearmont,  President  Third  District  Normal  School,  Cape  Girardeau 

Miss  Ella  Victoria  Dobbs,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 

William  H.  Black,  President  Missouri  Valley  College,  Marshall 

John  W.  Withers,  Superintendent  St.  Louis  Schools,  St.  Louis 

I.  I.  Cammack,  Superintendent  Kansas  City  Schools,  Kansas  City 

9.  Army  and  Navy 

Chairman,  Cecil  W.  Thomas,  Jefferson  City 
Gen.  Frank  W.  McAllister,  Jefferson  City 

10.  Finance 

Chairman,  William  H.  Lee,  President  Merchants  Laclede  National  Bank, 
St.  Louis 

B.  F.  Bush,  President  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  St.  Louis 

C.  F.  Enright,  State  Bank  Commissioner,  Jefferson  City 

W.  T.  Kemper,  President  Commerce  Trust  Co. ,  Kansas  City 

Elliott  Marshall,  Mayor,  St.  Joseph 

Hugh  Mclndoe,  Joplin 

R.  A.  Long,  President  Long-Bell  Lumber  Co.,  Kansas  City 

Fred  W.  Fleming,  Vice-President  Kansas  City  Life  Insurance  Co.,  Kansas  City 


One  Hundred  Six 


MISSOURI   COUNCIL   OF   DEFENSE 


Committees — Continued 

11.  Women's  Defense  Work 

Chairman,  Mrs.  B.  F.  Bush,  Chairman  Woman's  Committee,  Missouri  Division, 

Council  of  National  Defense,  St.  Louis 
M.  L.  Wilkinson,  President  Scruggs,  Vandervoort  &  Barney  D.  G.  Co.,  St.  Louis 

12.  Publicity 

Chairman,  Archbishop  John  J.  Glennon,  St.  Louis 
S.  J.  Roy,  Hannibal 

E.  E.  E.  Mcjimsey,  Editor  "Springfjeld  Republican,"  Springfield 
LB.  Dunlap,  President  Dunlap  Realty  Co.,  Kansas  City 

Robert  A.  Glenn,  Acting  Secretary  and  Director  of   Publicity,  Missouri  Council 
of  Defense,  Jefiferson  City 

13.  Manufacturing  Industries 

Chairman,  W.  S.  Dickey,  President  W.  S.  Dickey  Clay  Mfg.  Co.,  Kansas  City 
David  Sommers,  Vice  President  Schram  Glass  Co.,  St.  Louis 
George  W.  Brown,  President  Brown  Shoe  Co.,  St.  Louis 

14.  Public  Health 

Chairman,  Dr.  Guy  L.  Noyes,  Dean  Medical  School,  University  of  Missouri, 

Columbia 
Dr.  George  H.  Jones,  Secretary  State  Board  of  Health,  Jefferson  City 
Dr.  William  T.  Coughlin,  Professor  of  Surgery,  St.  Louis  University,  St.  Louis 
Dr.  H.  E.  Pearse,  Physician,  Kansas  City 

15.  Commercial  Economy 

Chairman,  Sigmond  Baer,  Sec.-Treas.  Stix-Baer  &  Fuller  D.  G.  Co.,  St.  Louis 
M.  L.  Wilkinson,  President  Scruggs,  Vandervoort  &  Barney  D.  G.  Co.,  St.  Louis 
Williston  P.  Munger,  Burnham-Munger-Root  D.  G.  Co.,  Kansas  City 

16.  Training  Camp  Activities 

Chairman,  E.  D.  Nims,  Vice-President  Southwestern  Bell  Telephone  Co., 

St.  Louis 
Rev.  W.  C.  Bitting,  St.  Louis 
M.  E.  Meanwell,  Athletic  Director  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 

17.  Historical  Service 

Chairman,  Jonas  Viles,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 

C.  H.  McClure,  State  Normal  School,  Warrensburg 

E.  C.  Griffith,  William  Jewell  College,  Liberty 

R.  J.  Kerner,  Secretary  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 


One  Hundred  Seven 


MISvSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Committees — Continued 

18.  Committee  on  Traffic 

Chairman,  W.  W.  Johnson,  Secretary  Missouri  Telephone  System,  Jefferson  City 
S.  C,  Bates,  Secretary  Jobbers  &  Manufacturers  Association,  Springfield 
R.  D.  Sangster,  Traffic  Commissioner,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Kansas  City 
P.  W.  Coyle,  Traffic  Commissioner  Chamber  of  Commerce,  St.  Louis 

19.  Committee  on  War  Welfare  Work 

Chairman,  J.  L.  Wagner,  Secretary  State  Board  of  Charities,  Jefferson  City 

L.  A.  Halbert,  Superintendent  Board  of  Public  Welfare,  Kansas  City 

Alfred  Fairbank,  Director  Civilian  Relief  S.  W.  Division  American  Red  Cross, 

St.  Louis 
Scott  R.  DeKins,  Secretary   Charities  Endorsement   Committee,  Chamber  of 

Commerce,  St.  Louis 
Rabbi  Louis  Bernstein,  Ex-President  Missouri  Conference  for  Social  Welfare, 

St.  Joseph 
J.  Silas  Gravelle,  President  Missouri  Conference  for  Social  Welfare,  Joplin 
Mrs.  C.  W.  Green,  Chairman  Child  Welfare   Committee,  Council  of  Defense, 

Columbia 
Mrs.  George  Still,  President  State  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  Kirksville 
Mrs.  Nelle  G.  Burger,  State  President  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Clark 

20.  Legal  Committee 

Chairman,  Frank  W.  McAllister,  Attorney  General,  Jefferson  City 

Hon.  Peyton  A.  Parks,  Clinton 

Hon.  A.  Stanford  Lyon,  Kansas  City 

Hon.  Howard  Gray,  Carthage 

Hon.  Morton  Jourdan,  St.  Louis 

Hon.  Ben  R.  Woodson,  St.  Joseph 

Hon.  David  W.  Hill,  Poplar  Bluff 

21.  Highways  Transport  Committee 
Chairman,  A.  C.  McKibbin,  St.  Louis 
George  A.  Mahan,  Hannibal 

E.  A.  King,  St.  Joseph 
R.  T.  Conger,  Kansas  City 
W.  H.  Powell,  Sedalia 
Wallace  D.  Capen,  St.  Louis 
J.  M.  McAnulty,  Neosho 


One  Hundred  Eight 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Committees — Continued 

22.  Americanization  Committee 

Chairman,  I.  N.  Watson,  Watson,  Gage  &  Watson,  Kansas  City 

James  R.  Dunn,  St.  Louis 

James  M.  Hays,  Jefferson  City 

Isidor  Loeb,  Missouri  University,  Columbia 

Orestes  Mitchell,  St.  Joseph 

Ray  Bond,  City  Attorney,  Joplin 

W.  S.  Dearmont,  President,  State  Normal  School,  Cape  Girardeau 

M.  R.  Bevington,  Chief  Naturalization  Examiner,  Naturalization  Service, 

St.  Louis 
I.  I.  Cammack,  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  Kansas  City 
Hon.  Uel  W.  Lamkin,  Jefferson  City 

John  W.  Withers,  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  St.  Louis 
Prof.  S.  A.  Baker,  State  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Jefferson  City 

23.  Committee  on  Purchase  of  War  Horses  From  Missouri  Farmers 
Chairman,  Prof.  E.  A.  Trowbridge,  Columbia 

24.  Committee  on  War  Photographs 

Chairman,  L.  S.  Kucker,  Fraternity  Bldg.,  Springfield 

25.  Committee  on  Reconstruction  After  the  War 

Chairman,  A.  Ross  Hill,  President  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 

Paul  Brown,  Editor  "West  at  Work,"  St.  Louis 

Rev.  B.  A.  Jenkins,  Kansas  City 

Dr.  A..W.  Nelson,  Bunceton 

Dean  Walter  Williams,  School  of  Journalism,  University  of  Missouri,  Columbia 

Mrs.  Edmund  F.  Brown,  St.  Louis 

Mrs.  Hugh  Ward,  Kansas  City 

Dr.  E.  L.  Hendricks,  President  State  Normal  School,  Warrensburg,  Mo. 

Clarence  H.  Howard,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  St.  Louis 

Percy  Werner,  Attorney,  St.  Louis 

C.  G.  Brittingham,  Eldon 

26.  Music 

Mrs.  W.  D.  Steele,  State  Musical  Director,  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  Sedalia 


One  Hundred  Nine 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins 


The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense  maintained  its  direction  of  the  County  Councils 
of  Defense  through  Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins  which  were  sent  from  time 
to  time  as  occasion  arose  to  them.  Some  of  the  bulletins  were  sent  to  every  one  of 
the  several  thousand  members  of  the  State  Defense  Council  system,  others  to  the 
Chairmen,  the  Secretaries  and  the  women  members,  as  the  occasion  required. 

These  bulletins  usually  suggested  the  calling  of  a  meeting  of  the  county  organiza- 
tion and  the  adaptation  of  the  suggestions  contained  to  local  conditions.     Not  all 
the  requests  sent  out  applied  to    every    community.     Below    are    listed    in   serial 
order  the  Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins  sent  out  in  this    manner  to  the 
counties,  beginning  with  June,  1917,  and  continuing  until  January,  1919. 
1 — Recruiting  for  Regular  Army. 
2 — Farm  Labor  Appeal. 
3 — Can  Survey  of  Merchant  Stocks. 
4 — Stopping  Waste  of  Returned  Bread. 
5 — Canning  Demonstrations. 
6 — Potato  Planting  Campaign. 
7— Patriotic  Day,  July  28,  1917. 
8— Women's  Registration,  July  28,  1917. 
9 — Reducing  Merchants'  Deliveries. 
10 — Organization  of  Home  Guards. 
11 — Aviation  Recruiting. 
12 — Court  Plasters  Warning. 
13 — Wheat  Planting  Campaign. 
14 — Federal  Aid  for  County  Agents. 
15 — Farewell  to  Draft  Men. 

16 — News  Letter  on  Council's  current  activities. 
17 — Fairs  as  Patriotic  Gatherings. 

18 — Exemptions  and  other  Information  as  to  the  Draft. 
19 — Appeal  for  More  Home  Demonstration  Agents. 
20 — Keep  the  Children  in  School  during  the  War. 


One  Hundred  Eleven 


MISSOl'RI      COl^NCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins — Continued 

21 — Co-operate  with  the  Red  Cross. 

22 — Disloyal  Activities. 

23 — Appeal  for  Camp  Libraries. 

24— Patriotic  Exhibit  at  State  Fair. 

25 — Library  War  Fund  Appeal. 

26 — Second  Liberty  Loan  call  for  Service. 

27 — Lending  Clerical  Aid  to  Draft  Boards. 

28 — Patriotic  Speakers'  Bureau  Opened. 

29 — Skilled  Tradesmen  in  Flying  Service.     • 

30 — Conference  of  Food  Conservation  Campaign  Workers. 

31 — Food  Conservation  Campaign  Opened. 

32 — Waste  of  Live  Stock  Killed  on  Railroad  Right-of-ways. 

33 — Prizes  to  Teachers  in  Patriotic  Ess.ay  Contest. 

34 — Food  Conservation  Campaign  Taken  Over  by  Council  of  Defense. 

Meatless  and  Wheatless  Days  Appeal. 

Better  Remounts  for  Service  Urged, 
35 — Curtailing  Merchants'  Deliveries. 

36— Kitchen  and  Membership  Cards  Distributed  in  Food  Campaign. 
37 — Missouri  Gets  Aviation  Examining  Board. 
38 — Hoover  Thanks  Missouri  for  Large  Food  Registration. 
39 — Second  Draft  Registration. 

Four-Minute-Men  Organized. 
40 — Feeding  Texas  Range  Cattle  in  Missouri. 
41 — Collecting  Waste  Junk  in  Missouri. 
42 — Change  of  Address  of  Men  of  Draft  Age,  Warning. 
43 — Warning  to  Men  Subject  to  Draft. 
44 — War  Conference  in  Columbia  Announced. 
45 — Reaching  the  German-speaking  Population. 
46 — Do  not  Send  Perishable  Food  to  Soldiers. 
47 — Help  to  Finance  the  War. 
48 — Insurance  for  Soldiers. 
49— How  to  Get  Fertilizer  Quickly. 


One  Hundred  Twelve 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins — Continued 

50 — War  Meetings  in  Missouri. 

51 — Aiding  the  Income  Tax  Collection. 

52 — Smileage  Books  Campaign. 

53 — Use  Wood  Fuel  in  Missouri. 

54 — Telescopes  and  Binoculars  Wanted  for  the  Navy. 

55 — Seeking  British  Subjects  in  Missouri  for  Recruiting. 

56 — Men  for  Shipbuilding  Wanted. 

57 — Card  Indexes  for  all  Registrants. 

58 — National  Implement  and  Repair  Week. 

59 — Army  of  Producers  Attention  for  1918. 

60 — Get  Skilled  Men  for  General  Pershing. 

61— War  Thrift  Garden  Campaign  for  1918. 

62 — Send  Photographs  of  War  Activities  for  Historical  Preservation. 

Farm  Help  Volunteers  of  Missouri  Organized. 
63 — Helpful  Meetings  in  Counties  for  Drafted  Men. 
64 — Free  Legal  Service  for  men  in  Service. 
65— Liberty  Day  Patriotic  Meetings,  April  26,  1918. 

Salvation  Army  War  Fund  Drive  Approved. 
66 — Patriotic  Speakers  to  Aid  Third  Liberty  Loan. 
67 — Missouri  Defense  Work  linked  with  County  Farm  Bureau. 
68 — Missouri  Wheat  Saving  Campaign  Launched. 
69 — Questionnaire  as  to  Threshing  Conservation  Campaign. 
70 — Win  the  War  by  Active  Economy. 
71 — Conquer  the  Hun  by  Corn. 
72 — Harvesting  the  Missouri  Wheat  Crop. 
73 — Registering  the  Youths  for  Military  Service. 
74 — Defense  Work  Appeal  for  Coming  Year. 
75 — Fourth  of  July  Celebrations  in  Missouri. 
76 — Missouri  Alien  Owned  Property  Survey. 
77 — Food  Poster  Distributed. 
78 — Commercial  Clubs  Aid  Sought. 
79 — Farm  Help  Volunteers'  Questionnaire. 


One  Hundred  Thirteen 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins — Continued 

80 — Stopping  the  Use  of  German. 

81— War  Savings  Day,  June  28,  1918. 

82 — Aid  in  Forming  Instruction  Boards  for  Drafted  Men. 

83 — Student  Nurses'  Reserve  Campaign  in  Missouri. 

84 — Women  Members  of  Councils  to  Receive  all  Instructions. 

85 — Warning  to  Foreign-bom  Citizens  not  Entitled  to  Vote. 

86 — Campaign  for  Silos  and  Greater  Wheat  Acreage. 

87 — Military  Units  in  Missouri  Colleges. 

88 — Community  Councils  Urged. 

89 — Enroll  Unskilled  Laborers  for  Munition  Making  and  Shipbuilding. 

90 — Patriotic  Reference  Books  for  Coimcil  Speakers. 

91 — Round  up  All  Draft  Delinquents. 

92 — Liberty  Choruses  Formed. 

93 — Instruction  Lectures  to  Draft  Boards. 

94 — Curtailing  Non-war  Construction  to  Save  Labor  and  Materials. 

95 — Keep  Down  Non-war  Construction. 

96 — Early  Christmas  Buying  Urged. 

97 — Survey  of  Lands  for  Returned  Soldiers  Explained. 

Warning  from  Speakers'  Bureau  as  to  Fraudulent  Soldier  Speakers. 
Foreign  Voters'  Posters  Again  Distributed. 

98 — Appeal  to  Retailers  for  Uniform  Prices  of  Shoes. 

99 — Music  Committee,  Letter  and  Questionnaire. 
100 — Aid  the  United  War  Campaign. 
101 — Do  not  Relax  Efforts  with  the  Armistice. 
102 — Council  of  Defense  Questionnaires. 
103 — National  Liberty  Sing  for  Thanksgiving  Day. 
104 — Reclamation  of  Waste  Campaign  Continued. 
105 — Community  Chorus  Leaders  Appointed. 
106 — Apprehending  Deserters. 
107 — Ban  on  Christmas  Shopping  Lifted. 
108— World  Relief  Week. 
109 — Withdrawal  of  Non-war  Construction  Restrictions. 


One  Hundred  Fourteen 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins — Continued 

110 — Re-education  of  Returning  Soldiers. 

Ill — Legal  Service  for  Demobilized  Soldiers. 

112 — Warning  Against  Fraudulent  Allotments  and  Allowances. 

113 — Investigate  Before  Giving  to  Unauthorized  War  Charities. 

114 — Red  Cross  Christmas  Drive. 

115 — Finding  Jobs  for  our  Soldiers  and  Sailors. 

116 — Stop  Live  Stock  Loss  on  Railroad  Right-of-ways. 

117 — Disbanding  of  Missouri  Council  of  Defense. 


One  Hundred  Fifteen 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


Office  Personnel 


William  F.  SaundBrs,  Secretary,  April  27,  1917 — October 
1,  1918;  Special  Agent  U.  S.  Food  Administration. 

Frank  M.  Robinson,  Secretary,  October  1,  1918 — Decem- 
ber 15,  1918. 

Robert  A.  Glenn,  Director  of  Publicity  and  Editor 
Missouri-on-Guard,  Acting  Secretary,  December  15, 
1918 — March  15,  1919;  in  charge  of  draft,  military  aid, 
recruiting,  legal  bureaus,  labor,  investigations. 

Frances  S.  BurkhardT,  Secretary,  Patriotic  Speakers' 
Bureau;  filing  and  correspondence. 

Frank  B.  Newkam,  Auditor  and  Chief  Clerk. 


Clerical  Staff 

Lavenia  Frazier,  Sophy  Natsch, 

Lillian  Powers,  Arch  Pryor, 

Ethel  IvATshaw,  Mrs.  Marvin  Tate, 

LoNEY  B.  Stone. 


One  Hundred  Seventeen 


MISSOURI      COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


FINANCIAL  STATEMENT,  MISSOURI  COUNCIL  OF  DEFENSE 
April  24,  1917  —  March  15,  1919 


Expenditures 

Salary  of  Secretary $  8,894.08 

Clerical  Supplies 5,568.81 

Salaries  of  Stenographers 9,067.55 

Multigraphing 124.65 

Supplies 1,564.53 

Printing  and  Stationery 7,084.58 

Postage 3,449.43 

Telephone  and  Telegraph 2,369.92 

Office  Furniture  and  Equipment 1,494.78 

Traveling  Expense  of  Secretary 923.13 

Traveling  Expense  of  Chairman 301.84 

Expenses  of  Four-Minute  Men  Organization 8,873.88 

Traveling  Expense  of  Patriotic  Speakers 2,780.01 

Publicity,  Publicity  Agent,  Salary  and  Expense 4,530.51 

Woman's  Division,  Missouri  Council  of  Defense,  Expenditures 

Reimbursed 7,339.67 

Food  Conservation  Literature 1,389.22 

Prize  Essays  and  Historical  Contest 342.59 

Farm  Labor  Survey 92.00 

Interest  on  Notes  Discounted 3,027.63 


Estimated  Unfinished  Expenditures 

Printing  Final  Report $  5,000.00 

Postage,  Mailing  Final  Report 700.00 

Interest  on  Notes  to  May  31,  1919 1,666.66 


$69,218.81 


■ 6,866.66 

$76,085.47 

ROBERT  A.  GLENN,  F.  B.  MUMFORD, 

Acting  Secretary.  Chairman. 

WILLIAM  H.  LEE, 

Treasurer, 

Chairman  Finance  Committee, 

MISSOURI  COUNCIL  OF  DEFENSE. 


One  Hundred  Nineteen 


MISSOURI       COUNCIL      OF      DEFENSE 


INDICE 

PAGE 

Agriculture  and  Food  Production 13 

Aiding  the  Draft .  . 47 

Americanization 97 

An  Appreciation 27 

Chairmen  of  the  County  Councils  of  Defense '99 

Commercial  Economy 81 

Elimination  of  Enemy  Language  and  Influences 61 

Financial  Statement 119 

Indice 121 

Instruction  and  Information  Bulletins Ill 

Legal  Committees 71 

Missouri  Council  of  Defense 105 

Missouri  Home  Guard 55 

Non-War  Construction 87 

Office  Personnel .  117 

Publicity 85 

Recruiting  and  Military  Aid 51 

Report  of  the  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 1 

Secretaries  of  County  Councils  of  Defense 103 

Speaking  Activities 65 

Special  Activities 89 

The  Missouri  Council  of  Defense 3 

The  Missouri  Division  of  the  United  States  Food  Administration ....  29 

Transportation 79 

Woman's  Committee,  Council  of  National  Defense,  Missouri  Division .  75 


One  Hundred  Twenty-one 


14  DAY  USE  

TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT.  , 

Renewed  booksar^^^  .„  i^^.^^  ^^^^ 


l8Aug'60L0g 


^P21A-50m-4,'60 
(A9562sl0)476B 


.General  Library 

Umverwty  of  California 

Berkeley 


